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Thrips biology, economic importance and control strategies

Control strategies

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Figures

Nursery management practices
Fig. 1: Agro-net protected tomato nursery
Fig. 2: Unprotected tomato nursery
Soil moisture management
Fig. 3: Irrigated onion field
Fig. 4: Rainfed onion field
Use of dry grass/black polythene mulch
Fig. 5: Dry grass mulched French bean crop
Fig. 6: Black polythene mulched onion crop
Intercropping techniques
Fig. 7: French bean intercropped with sunflower and maize
Fig. 8: Onion intercropped with coriander
Entomopathogenic fungi for management of thrips
Fig. 9: Campaign (R) - a Metarhizium anisopliae based product for management of thrips
Fig. 10: Fungus infected Hydatothrips adolfifriderici
Fig. 11: Fungus infected Frankliniella schultzei
Fig. 12: With Lecanicillium longisporum infected larva of Thrips tabaci (SEM)

Some management strategies of thrips and tospoviruses

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Bibliography and important links to thrips and tospoviruses

Amin PW, Reddy DVR, Ghanekar AM & Reddy MS (1981). Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, the causal agent of bud necrosis of peanut, by Scirtothrips dorsalis and Frankliniella schultzei. Plant Disease 65 (8): 663-665

Birithia R, Subramanian S, Pappu HR, Sseruwagi P, Muthomi JW & Narla RD (2011). First report of Iris Yellow spot virus infecting onion in Kenya and Uganda. Plant Disease 95: 1195

Birithia R, Subramanian S, Villinger J, Muthomi JW, Narla RD & Pappu HR (2012). First report of Tomato yellow ring virus (Tospovirus, Bunyaviridae) infecting tomato in Kenya. Plant Disease 96: 1384

Brittlebank, CC (1919). Tomato diseases. J Agric Vicotria 17: 231-235

Dugje IY, Omoigui LO, Ekeleme F, Kamara AY & Ajeigbe H (2009). Farmers- Guide to Cowpea Production in West Africa. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 20 pp

German TL, Ullman DE, Moyer JW (1992). Tospoviruses: Diagnosis, molecular biology, phylogeny, and vector relationships. Annu Rev Phytopathol 30: 315–348

Jackai LEN & Daoust RA (1986). Insect Pests of Cowpeas. Annual Review of Entomology 31:95-119.

Jones DR (2005). Plant viruses transmitted by thrips. European Journal of Plant Pathology 113: 119-157

Milne, RG, Francki RI (1984). Should tomato spotted wilt virus be considered as a possible member of the family Bunyaviridae? Intervirology 22: 72-76

Moritz G, Kumm S, Mound LA (2004). Tospovirus transmission depends on thrips ontogeny. Virus Research 100: 143-149

Mound LA (1996). The Thysanoptera vector species of Tospoviruses. Acta Horticulturae 431: 298-309

Nagata T, Inoue-Nagata AK, Smid HM, Goldbach R, Peters D (1999). Tissue tropism related to vector competence of Frankliniella occidentalis for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. J Gen Virol 80 (Pt 2): 507-515

Nyasani JO, Meyhöfer R, Subramanian S & Poehling H-M (2012). Effect of intercrops on thrips species composition and population abundance on French beans in Kenya. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 142: 236 - 246

Pittman, HA (1927). Spotted wilt of tomatoes. Prelimary note concerning the transmission of the "spotted wilt" of tomatoes by an insect vector (Thrips tabaci Lind.). Aust J Counc Sci Ind Res 1: 74-77

Ramkat RC, Wangai AW, Rapando PN & Lelgut DK (2008).Cropping system influences Tomato spotted wilt virus disease development, thrips population and yield of tomato (Lycoperscion escullentum). Journal of Applied Biology, 153, 373-380

Rapando P, Wangai AW, Tabu I & Ramkat R (2009). Variety, mulch and stage of inoculation effects on incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus disease in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 42: 579 - 586

Riley DG, Joseph SV, Srinivasan R & Diffe S (2011). Thrips vectors of tospoviruses. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 1(2): DOI:10.1603/IPM10020

Samuel G, Bald JG, Pittman HA (1930). Investigations on "spotted wilt" of tomatoes. Australia Commonw Counc Sci Ind Res Bull No. 44

Schreiter G, Butt TM, Beckett A, Vestergaard S, Moritz G (1994). Invasion and development of Verticillium lecanii in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Mycol. Res. 98(9): 1025-1034

Sin S-H, McNulty B, Kennedy GG, Moyer, JW (2005). Viral genetic determinants for thrips transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus. PNAS 102, 5168-5173

Ullman DE (1996). Thrips and Tospoviruses: Advances and future directions. Acta Horticulturae 431: 310-323

Ullman DE, Cho JJ, Mau RFL, Hunter WB, Westcot DM, Custer DM (1992): Thrips-Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus interactions: Morphological, behavioral and cellular components influencing thrips transmission. Advances in Disease Vector Research 9: 195-240

Ullman DE, Meideros R, Campbell LR, Whitfield AE, Sherwood JL, German TL (2002). Thrips as vectors of tospoviruses. Advances in Botanical Research 36:113-140

Ullman DE, Whitfield AE, German TL (2005). Thrips and tospoviruses come of age: Mapping determinants of insect transmission. PNAS 102: 4931-4932

Van de Wetering F, Goldbach R, Peters D (1996). Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus ingestion by first instar larvae of Frankliniella occidentalis is a prerequisite for transmission. Phytopathology 86: 900-905

Wangi AW, Mandal B, Pappu HR & Kilonzo S (2001). Outbreak of tomatoes spotted wilt virus in tomato in Kenya. Plant Diseases, 85: 1123

Whitfield AE, Ullmann DE, German TL (2005). Tospovirus-Thrips interactions. Anny Rev Phytopathol 43: 459-489

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Web links
Tomato spotted wilt virus
Mound´s Thysanoptera pages
Thysanoptera Checklist
ICIPE Thrips survey sites
UNI Halle & Thrips sites
Thrips of California

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