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Frankliniella intonsa
Fig. 1

Antenna

Fig. 2

Head

Fig. 3

Pronotum

Fig. 4

Pteronotum

Fig. 5

Forewing

Fig. 6

Sternites 5-6

Fig. 7

Tergites 6-7

Fig. 8

Tergites 8-9

Fig. 9

CS249/CS250

Fig. 10

O1/18J

Fig. 11

P1/28Z

Fig. 12

18SMP/28SMP

Figures

Fig. 1: Antenna (inset: III. and IV. antennal segment)
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Fore- and hindwing
Fig. 6: Sternites V and VI
Fig. 7: Tergites VI and VII
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX

ITS-RFLP gel patterns (1&8 ladder, 2 PCR-product, 3 RSAI, 4 HaeIII, 5 MspI, 6 HinfI, 7 AluI)
Fig. 9: Primer pair CS249/CS250
Fig. 10: Primer pair O1/18J
Fig. 11: Primer pair P1/28Z
Fig. 12: Primer pair 18SMP/28SMP

Taxonomic Information

Species:
Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom, 1895)

Synonyms:
Frankliniella norashensis Jakhontov & Jurbanov, 1957 
Frankliniella rufula Keler, 1936 
Frankliniella tricolor Moulton, 1928 
Frankliniella formosae Moulton, 1928 
Frankliniella maritima Priesner, 1925 
Frankliniella vicina Karny, 1922 
Frankliniella breviceps Bagnall, 1911 
Physapus brevistylis Karny, 1908 
Thrips pallida Karny, 1907
Physopus adusta Uzel, 1895 
Physopus albicornis Uzel, 1895 
Physopus fulvicornis Uzel, 1895 
Physopus nigropilosa Uzel, 1895 
Physopus vulgatissima Uzel, 1895
Thrips intonsa Trybom, 1895 
Thrips vulgatissima Haliday, 1850
Thrips physapus Linné, 1773
Physapus ater De Geer, 1744

Common name:
European flower thrips

Present taxonomic position:
Family: Thripidae Stephens, 1829
Subfamily: Thripinae (Stephens) Karny, 1921
Genus: Frankliniella Karny, 1910

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Species Recognition

General information about the genus Frankliniella:
The members in this genus are sometimes quite difficult to separate from one another and the classification has been in flux with many species later synonymized in association with color variations. There are about 180 species in this genus most having three pairs of ocellar setae well developed, 8 segmented antennae with III and IV having forked sense cones, well developed setae on the anterior and posterior margins of the pronotum, when present wings with complete rows of setae on the wing veins, two segmented tarsi, without accessory setae on abdominal sternites, with a ctenidia laterally on abdominal segments with ctenidia anterior to spiracle on segment VIII and with males generally smaller and paler than the females (Stannard, 1968).

Typical character states of Frankliniella intonsa:

Body color
Mainly brown or mainly pale or yellow, with some darker markings or bicolored

Antennae
Number of antennal segments: 8
Segment IV - forked sensorium: scarcely extending beyond base of segment V
Segments II and III shape: more or less symmetric
Segments III & IV sensoria: emergent and forked
Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI: no more than 2 times as wide as base of nearest seta
Terminal antennal segments: rarely elongate
Shape of pedicel of antennal segment III: simple

Head:
Distance between bases of ocellar setae III: greater than width of first ocellus
Head shape between compound eyes: not prolonged
Major postocular setae: less than half as long as ocellar setae III
Ocellar setae III on head: arising on anterior margin of, or in front of, ocellar triangle
Postocular setae I: present
Surface of head, pronotum and fore legs: without strong reticulate sculpture
Ocellar setae I in front of anterior ocellus: present

Prothorax
Number of pairs of elongate pronotal setae: 4-5
Number of pairs of elongate posteroangular pronotal setae: 2
Pronotum shape: rectangular
Number of pairs of pronotum posteromarginal minor setae: 5-6
Number of pairs of pronotum anteromarginal minor setae: 1

Mesothorax
Mesothoracic endofurca: with median spinula

Metathorax
Metanotal median area sculptured lines:  transverse at anterior, but forming irregular longitudinal reticulations on posterior half
Metanotal median setae length: longer than lateral metanotal setae
Metanotal median setae position: arising at anterior margin
Metanotum: without campaniform sensilla
Metanotum major sclerite: with two major sclerites, metascutum and metascutellum
Metanotum median area: with no equiangular reticulation
Metanotum sculpture: without dominant sculptured triangle medially
Metathoracic endofurca: transverse, sometimes with simple median spinula

Wings
Wings: present and more than half as long as abdomen
First vein of forewing: distinct from costal vein
Forewing anterior margin: with setae and cilia but cilia longer than setae
Forewing color: uniformly pale or weakly shaded
Forewing costal fringe of cilia: arising at anterior margin of wing
Forewing first vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing posterior margin cilia: undulated near apex
Forewing second vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing surface: not reticulate
Forewings: with veins, setae and microtrichia

Legs
Fore tibial apex: not extending around fore tarsus
Mid and hind tarsi: with two segments

Abdomen:
Abdominal pleurotergites:  not covered in microtrichia
Abdominal segment X: never tubular, longitudinally incomplete ventrally in both sexes
Abdominal sternite II: with 1 or 2 discal setae in addition to marginal setae or with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite III of female: without glandular areas
Abdominal sternite VII: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite VII median marginal setae: arising at margin - arising in front of margin
Abdominal sternites IV , V and VI: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal tergites: without curved wing-retaining setae
Abdominal tergites IV & V median setal pair: much shorter than distance between their bases
Abdominal tergites V-VII: with pair of ctenidia laterally
Setae on abdominal tergite X: slender
Surface of lateral thirds of abdominal tergites: without regular rows of fine microtrichia
Ctenidia on tergite VIII:  anterolaterad to spiracle
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia: present laterally, incomplete or complete medially
Tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia: long, slender, irregular, on broadly triangular bases

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Biology

Life history:
As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. Loomans and Murai (1997) reported the developmental time for larvae and pupae of this species ranged from 11.7 to 12.9 days. The full cycle for Frankliniella occidentalis can take about 15 days to over a month and adults may live for more than one month producing several generations in one year depending on seasonal weather (Lewis, 1973).

Host plants:
Polyphagous

Vector capacity:
Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV)
Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)
Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV)
Tomato spotted wilt virus(TSWV)

Current known distribution:
Asia, Europe, North America

Additional notes:
Deforms buds, scars flowers and fruits.

Bibliography

Abe, M & Ikegami, T (2005): Susceptibility of five species of thrips to different strains of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 40 (4): 667-674.
Atakan, E (2006): Associations between Frankliniella spp. and Orius niger populations in cotton. - Phytoparasitica 34 (3): 221-234.
Atakan, E & Gencer, O (2008): Influence of planting date on the relationship between populations of Frankliniella flower thrips and predatory bug Orius niger in cotton. - Journal of Pest Science 81 (3): 123-133.
Atakan, E & Uygur, S (2005): Winter and spring abundance of Frankliniella spp. and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysan., Thripidae) on weed host plants in Turkey. - Journal of Applied Entomology 129 (1): 17-26.
Bayar, K, Torjek, O, Kiss, E, Gyulai, G & Heszky, L (2002): Intra- and interspecific molecular polymorphism of thrips species. - Acta Biologica Hungarica 53 (3): 317-324.
Berzosa, J & Maroto, J (2003): New neotropical species of the genus Frankliniella Karny (Insecta : Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 38 (2): 135-144.
Chu, CC, Ciomperlik, MA, Chang, NT, Richards, M & Henneberry, TJ (2006): Developing and evaluating traps for monitoring Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Florida Entomologist 89 (1): 47-55.
Datta, PK, Kim, CS, Hara, T, Itoh, E & Horiike, M (1999): Insecticidal activity of alpha-methylene-gamma-butyrolactone against several insect pests. - Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 63 (4): 760-761.
Deligeorgidis, PN, Athanassiou, CG & Kavallieratos, NG (2002): Seasonal abundance, spatial distribution and sampling indices of thrip populations on cotton; a 4-year survey from central Greece. - Journal of Applied Entomology 126 (7-8): 343-348.
Hachiya, K (1990): Effect of injury by the flower thrips, Frankliniella intonsa Trybom, on pod formation and yield of adzuki bean, Phaseolus angularis L. - Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 34 (4): 326-329.
Inoue, T, Sakurai, T, Murai, T & Maeda, T (2004): Specificity of accumulation and transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in two genera, Frankliniella and Thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Bulletin of Entomological Research 94 (6): 501-507.
Jha, V et al. (1991): Utilization and conservation of Euryale-Ferox Salisbury in Mithila (North Bihar), India. - Aquatic Botany 39 (3-4): 295-314.
Lewis, T (1973): Thrips. Their Biology, Ecology and Economic Importance. Academic Press, New York, xvi, 350 ppg.
Loomans, AJM & Murai, M (1997): Feeding and Oviposition Injuries to plants. Chapter 13, In Thrips as crop pests Ed. T. Lewis. 505-537.
Moritz G, Morris DC, Mound LA (2001): ThripsID - Pest thrips of the world. ACIAR and CSIRO Publishing Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, CDROM ISBN 1 86320 296 X.
Moritz G, Mound LA, Morris DC, Goldarazena A
(2004): Pest thrips of the world - an identification and information system using molecular and microscopial methods. CBIT, University of Queensland,CDROM ISBN 1-86499-781-8.
Mound, LA & Kibby, G (1998): Thysanoptera: An identification guide,  (2nd edition). CAB International, Wallingford and New York, 70pp.
Murai, T & Loomans, AJM (2001): Evaluation of an improved method for mass-rearing of thrips and a thrips parasitoid. - Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 101 (3): 281-289.
Nakahara, S & Foottit, RG (2007): Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), an invasive insect in North America. - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 109 (3): 733-734.
Nickle, DA (2004): Commonly intercepted thrips (Thysanoptera) from Europe, the Mediterranean, and Africa at US ports-of-entry. Part II. Frankliniella Karny and Iridothrips Priesner (Thripidae). - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106 (2): 438-452.
Palmer, J. M., L. A. Mound, and G. J. Du Heaume (1989): 2. Thysanoptera, pp. 73. In Betts, CR [ed.], CIE Guides to Insects of Important to Man. CAB International, Wallingford. 
O'Donnell, CA, Mound, LA & Parrella, MP (2001): A multilevel identification system for thrips associated with flower crops in North America (Thesis_I_III.pdf).
Sakurai, T, Inoue, T & Tsuda, S (2004):
Distinct efficiencies of Impatiens necrotic spot virus transmission by five thrips vector species (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) of tospoviruses in Japan. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (1): 71-78.
Salazar, APR (1998):
A phylogenetic vision of Frankliniella (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Revista De Biologia Tropical 46 (2): 397-405.
Stannard, L. J. (1968):
The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 29: 215-552.
Tagashira, E & Hirose, Y (2001):
Development and reproduction of Ceranisus menes (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae), a larval parasitoid of thrips: effects of two host species, Frankliniella intonsa and Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Applied Entomology and Zoology 36 (2): 237-241.
Wijkamp, I, Almarza, N, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1995):
Distinct levels of specificity in thrips transmission of Tospoviruses. - Phytopathology 85 (10): 1069-1074.
Zrubecz, P, Toth, F & Nagy, A (2008):
Is Xysticus kochi (Araneae : Thomisidae) an efficient indigenous biocontrol agent of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)? - Biocontrol 53 (4): 615-624.

Links:
Mound, LA (2005): Thysanoptera (Thrips) of the World - A Checklist. http://www.ento.csiro.au/thysanoptera/worldthrips.html

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