a b c d e f g h empty empty k l m n o p empty r s t empty empty empty empty empty empty
Frankliniella schultzei
Fig. 1

Antenna

Fig. 2

Head

Fig. 3

Pronotum

Fig. 4

Pteronotum

Fig. 5

Forewing

Fig. 6

Sternites 4-5

Fig. 7

Tergites 5-6

Fig. 8

Tergites 8-9

Fig. 9

CS249/CS250

Fig. 10

O1/18J

Fig. 11

P1/28Z

Fig. 12

18SMP/28SMP

Figures

Fig. 1: Antenna (inset: III. and IV. antennal segment)
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Fore- and hindwing
Fig. 6: Sternites IV and V
Fig. 7: Tergites V and VI
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX

ITS-RFLP gel patterns (1&8 ladder, 2 PCR-product, 3 RSAI, 4 HaeIII, 5 MspI, 6 HinfI, 7 AluI)
Fig. 9: Primer pair CS249/CS250
Fig. 10: Primer pair O1/18J
Fig. 11: Primer pair P1/28Z
Fig. 12: Primer pair 18SMP/28SMP

Taxonomic Information

Species:
Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom, 1910)

Synonyms:
Frankliniella ipomoeae Moulton, 1948 
Frankliniella nigra Moulton, 1948 
Frankliniella clitoriae Moulton, 1940 
Frankliniella pembertoni Moulton, 1940 
Frankliniella favoniana Priesner, 1938 
Frankliniella lycopersici Andrewartha, 1937 
Frankliniella nana Priesner, 1936
Frankliniella kellyana Kelly & Mayne, 1934 
Frankliniella paucispinosa Moulton, 1933 
Frankliniella insularis Morison, 1930
Parafrankliniella nigripes Girault, 1928 
Frankliniella aeschyli Girault, 1927
Frankliniella africana Bagnall, 1926 
Frankliniella anglicana Bagnall, 1926 
Frankliniella interocellaris Karny, 1925 
Frankliniella tabacicola Karny, 1925 
Frankliniella dampfi Priesner, 1923 
Frankliniella persetosa Karny, 1922 
Frankliniella trybomi Karny, 1920 
Frankliniella pallida Karny, 1920
Frankliniella delicatula Bagnall, 1919 
Frankliniella sulphurea Schmutz, 1913 
Physopus schultzei Trybom, 1910  

Common name:
Common blossom thrips
Cotton bud thrips

Present taxonomic position:
Family: Thripidae Stephens, 1829
Subfamily: Thripinae (Stephens) Karny, 1921
Genus: Frankliniella Karny, 1910

top

Species Recognition

General information about the genus Frankliniella:
The members in this genus are sometimes quite difficult to separate from one another and the classification has been in flux with many species later synonymized in association with color variations. There are about 180 species in this genus most having three pairs of ocellar setae well developed, 8 segmented antennae with III and IV having forked sense cones, well developed setae on the anterior and posterior margins of the pronotum, when present wings with complete rows of setae on the wing veins, two segmented tarsi, without accessory setae on abdominal sternites, with a ctenidia laterally on abdominal segments with ctenidia anterior to spiracle on segment VIII and with males generally smaller and paler than the females (Stannard, 1968).

Typical character states of Frankliniella schultzei:

Body color
Mainly brown or mainly pale or yellow, with some darker markings

Antennae
Number of antennal segments: 8
Segment IV - forked sensorium: scarcely extending beyond base of segment V
Segments II and III shape: more or less symmetric
Segments III & IV sensoria: emergent and forked
Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI: no more than 2 times as wide as base of nearest seta
Terminal antennal segments: rarely elongate
Shape of pedicel of antennal segment III: simple

Head:
Distance between bases of ocellar setae III: less than width of first ocellus
Head shape between compound eyes: not prolonged
Major postocular setae: more than half as long as ocellar setae III
Ocellar setae III on head: arising between hind ocelli, or behind tangent of anterior margin of hind ocelli
Postocular setae I: present
Surface of head, pronotum and fore legs: without strong reticulate sculpture
Ocellar setae I in front of anterior ocellus: present

Prothorax
Number of pairs of elongate pronotal setae: 4-5
Number of pairs of elongate posteroangular pronotal setae: 2
Pronotum shape: rectangular
Number of pairs of pronotum posteromarginal minor setae: 4-5
Number of pairs of pronotum anteromarginal minor setae: 2-3

Mesothorax
Mesothoracic endofurca: with median spinula

Metathorax
Metanotal median area sculptured lines: transverse at anterior, but forming irregular longitudinal reticulations on posterior half
Metanotal median setae length: longer than lateral metanotal setae
Metanotal median setae position: arising at anterior margin
Metanotum: without campaniform sensilla
Metanotum major sclerite: with two major sclerites, metascutum and metascutellum
Metanotum median area: with at least some or no equiangular reticulation
Metanotum sculpture: without dominant sculptured triangle medially
Metathoracic endofurca: transverse, sometimes with simple median spinula

Wings
Wings: present and more than half as long as abdomen
First vein of forewing: distinct from costal vein
Forewing anterior margin: with setae and cilia but cilia longer than setae
Forewing color: uniformly pale or weakly shaded
Forewing costal fringe of cilia: arising at anterior margin of wing
Forewing first vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing posterior margin cilia: undulated near apex
Forewing second vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing surface: not reticulate
Forewings: with veins, setae and microtrichia

Legs
Fore tibial apex: not extending around fore tarsus
Mid and hind tarsi: with two segments

Abdomen:
Abdominal pleurotergites: not covered in microtrichia
Abdominal segment X: never tubular, longitudinally incomplete ventrally in both sexes
Abdominal sternite II: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite III of female: without glandular areas
Abdominal sternite VII: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite VII median marginal setae: arising at margin - arising in front of margin
Abdominal sternites IV , V and VI: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal tergites: without curved wing-retaining setae
Abdominal tergites IV & V median setal pair: much shorter than distance between their bases
Abdominal tergites V-VII: with pair of ctenidia laterally
Setae on abdominal tergite X: slender
Surface of lateral thirds of abdominal tergites: without regular rows of fine microtrichia
Ctenidia on tergite VIII: anterolaterad to spiracle
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia: absent or present laterally, incomplete or complete medially
T
ergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia: short and irregular in length

top

Biology

Life history:
As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. The full cycle for Frankliniella occidentalis can take less than one week to over a month and adults may live for more than one month producing several generations in one year depending on seasonal weather (Lewis, 1973).

Host plants:
Polyphagous, flower feeding, compositae crops, weeds are a good source for breeding populations.

Vector capacity:
Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV)
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV)
Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV)
Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)
Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV)
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
Also known to carry spores, mildews, rusts and other fungi

Current known distribution:
Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America, North America

Additional notes:
Damages young leaves within the meristematic bud.

Bibliography

Amin, PW, Reddy, DVR, Ghanekar, AM & Reddy, MS (1981): Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, the causal agent of Bud Necrosis of Peanut, by Scirtothrips dorsalis and Frankliniella schultzei. - Plant Disease 65 (8): 663-665.
Barbosa, FR, Goncalves, MED, Moreira, WA, de Alencar, JA, de Souza, EA, da Silva, CSB, Souza, AD & Miranda, ID (2005): Arthropods-pest and predators associated with mango trees at the Vale do Sao Francisco, northestern Brazil. - Neotropical Entomology 34 (3): 471-474.
Bhatti, JS (2006):
The Classification of Terebrantia (Insecta) into Families. Oriental Insects 40: 339-375. Campbell, L, Robb, K & Ullman, D (2006): The complete Tospovirus resource page. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/tospovirus/welcome.htm.
Cho, JJ, Mau, RFL, Hamasaki, RT & Gonsalves, D (1988): Detection of tomato spotted wilt virus in individual thrips by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. - Phytopathology 78 (10): 1348-1352.
Coutts, BA & Jones, RAC (2005): Suppressing spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus by drenching infected source or healthy recipient plants with neonicotinoid insecticides to control thrips vectors. - Annals of Applied Biology 146 (1): 95-103.
Coutts, BA, Thomas-Carroll, ML & Jones, RAC (2004): Patterns of spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus in field crops of lettuce and pepper: spatial dynamics and validation of control measures. - Annals of Applied Biology 145 (2): 231-245.
De Borbon, CM (2007): A key for the identification of second instar larvae of some common thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). Mendoza, Argentina. - Revista De La Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias 39 (1): 69-81.
De Borbon, CM, Gracia, O & Piccolo, R (2006): Relationships between tospovirus incidence and thrips populations on tomato in Mendoza, Argentina. - Journal of Phytopathology 154 (2): 93-99.
Fritsche, ME & Tamo, M (2000): Influence of thrips prey species on the life-history and behaviour of Orius albidipennis. - Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 96 (2): 111-118.
Gahukar, RT (2004): Bionomics and management of major thrips species on agricultural crops in Africa. - Outlook on Agriculture 33 (3): 191-199.
Hunter, WB & Ullman, DE (1989): Analysis of mouthpart movements during feeding of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Frankliniella schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 18 (2-3): 161-171.
Hunter, WB & Ullman, DE (1992): Anatomy and ultrastructure of the piercing-sucking mouthparts and paraglossal sensilla of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 21 (1): 17-35.
Inoue, T, Sakurai, T, Murai, T & Maeda, T (2004): Specificity of accumulation and transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in two genera, Frankliniella and Thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Bulletin of Entomological Research 94 (6): 501-507.
Klose, MJ, Sdoodee, R, Teakle, D. S, Milne, J. R, Greber, R. S & Walter, G. H.(1996): Transmission of three strains of tobacco streak ilarvirus by different thrips species using virus-infected pollen. - Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 144 (6): 281-284.
Latham, LJ & Jones, RAC (1998): Selection of resistance breaking strains of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. - Annals of Applied Biology 133 (3): 385-402.
Lewis, T (1973): Thrips their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press Inc., London Ltd. 349 pp.
Lewis, T (1997): Pest thrips in perspective, pp. 1-13, Thrips as crop pests.
Milne, JR, Walter, GH, Kaonga, D & Sabio, GC (1996): The importance of non-pollen plant parts as food sources for the common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 78 (3): 271-281.
Milne, M & Walter, GH (1997): The significance of prey in the diet of the phytophagous thrips, Frankliniella schultzei. - Ecological Entomology 22 (1): 74-81.
Milne, M, Walter, GH & Milne, JR (2002): Mating aggregations and mating success in the flower thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), and a possible role for pheromones. - Journal of Insect Behavior 15 (3): 351-368.
Milne, M, Walter, GH & Milne, JR (2007): Mating behavior and species status of host-associated populations of the polyphagous thrips, Frankliniella schultzei. - Journal of Insect Behavior 20 (3): 331-346.
Moritz G, Morris DC, Mound LA (2001): ThripsID - Pest thrips of the world. ACIAR and CSIRO Publishing Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, CDROM ISBN 1 86320 296 X.
Moritz G, Mound LA, Morris DC, Goldarazena A
(2004): Pest thrips of the world - an identification and information system using molecular and microscopial methods. CBIT, University of Queensland,CDROM ISBN 1-86499-781-8.
Mound, LA (2002): The Thrips and Frankliniella genus groups: the phylogenetic significance of ctenidia, pp. 379-386. In Marullo R & Mound, LA [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra., Reggio de Calabria, Italy.
Mound, LA (2004): Australian Thysanoptera - biological diversity and a diversity of studies. - Australian Journal of Entomology 43: 248-257. 
Mound, LA & Marullo, R (1996): The thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Publishers, Gainesville. 
Mound, LA & Kibby, G (1998): Thysanoptera: An identification guide,  (2nd edition). CAB International, Wallingford and New York, 70pp.
Nagata, T, Almeida, ACL, Resende, RO & De Avila, AC (2004): The competence of four thrips species to transmit and replicate four tospoviruses. - Plant Pathology 53 (2): 136-140.
Nagata, T & De Avila, AC (2000): Transmission of Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, a recently discovered tospovirus, by two thrips species. - Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 148 (2): 123-125.
Nickle, DA (2003): A checklist of commonly intercepted thrips (Thysanoptera) from Europe, the Mediterranean, and Africa at U.S. ports-of-entry (1983-1999). Part 1. Key to genera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105: 80-99. 
Nickle, DA (2004): Commonly intercepted thrips (Thysanoptera) from Europe, the Mediterranean, and Africa at U.S. ports-of-entry. Part II. Frankliniella Karny and Iridothrips Priesner (Thripidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106: 438-452. 
O'Donnell, CA, Mound, LA & Parrella MP (2001): A multilevel identification system for thrips associated with flower crops in North America. UC Davis (Thesis_I_III.pdf). 
Palmer, JM, Mound, LA & Du Heaume, GJ (1989): 2. Thysanoptera, pp. 73. In Betts, CR [ed.], CIE Guides to Insects of Important to Man. CAB International, Wallingford.
Rao, RDVJP et al. (2003): The host range of Tobacco streak virus in India and transmission by thrips. - Annals of Applied Biology 142 (3): 365-368.
Reddy, AS, Reddy, SV, Thirumala-Devi, K, Chander, S, Rao, SC, Kumar, VM, Subramaniam, K, Reddy, TY, Nigam, SN & Reddy, DVR (2002): Occurrence of Tobacco streak virus on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in India. - Plant Disease 86 (2): 173-178.
Sakimura, K (1969): A Comment on Color Forms of Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera-Thripidae) in Relation to Transmission of Tomato-Spotted Wilt Virus. - Pacific Insects 11 (3-4): 761-762.
Sakurai, T (2004): Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus by the dark form of Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) originating in tomato fields.
Samuel, G, Bald, JG & Pittman, HA (1930): Investigation on "spottet wilt" of tomatoes. - Aust. Council Sci. Ind. Res. Bull. 44: 64.
Stannard, LJ (1968): The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 29: 215-552.
Steiner, MY & Goodwin, S (1998): Methods for collecting and rearing thrips (Thysanoptera) and their natural enemies. - Australian Journal of Entomology 37: 101-106.
Steiner, MY, Goodwin, S, Wellham, TM, Barchia, IM & Spohr, LJ (2003): Biological studies of the Australian predatory mite Typhlodromalus lailae (Schicha) (Acari : Phytoseiidae). - Australian Journal of Entomology 42: 131-137.
Steiner, MY, Goodwin, S, Wellham, TM, Barchia, IM & Spohr, LJ (2003): Biological studies of the Australian predatory mite Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha) (Acari : Phytoseiidae), a potential biocontrol agent for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Australian Journal of Entomology 42: 124-130.
Timm, AE, Stiller, M & Frey, JE (2008): A molecular identification key for economically important thrips species (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in southern Africa. - African Entomology 16 (1): 68-75.
Varatharajan, R (1985): Parasite-Host Interaction in relation to the nematode Anguillulina aptini (Sharga) - a parasite on Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) and Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom). - Current Science 54 (8): 396-398.
Watson, DM , Du, TY, Li, M, Xiong, JJ, Liu, DG, Huang, MD, Rae, DJ & Beattie, GA C.(2000): The effect of two prey species, Chrysomphalus aonidum and Corcyra cephalonica, on the quality of the predatory thrips, Aleurodothrips fasciapennis, reared in the laboratory. - Biocontrol 45 (1): 45-61.
Wijkamp, I, Almarza, N, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1995): Distinct levels of specificity in thrips transmission of Tospoviruses. - Phytopathology 85 (10): 1069-1074.
Wilson, LJ & Bauer, LR (1993): Species composition and seasonal abundance of thrips (Thysanoptera) on Cotton in the Namoi Valley. - Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32: 187-192.
Wilson, LJ, Bauer, LR & Walter, GH (1996): 'Phytophagous' thrips are facultative predators of two spotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cotton in Australia. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 86 (3): 297-305.
Yaku, A, Walter, GH & Najar-Rodriguez, AJ (2007): Thrips see red - flower colour and the host relationships of a polyphagous anthophilic thrips. - Ecological Entomology 32 (5): 527-535.
Yalemar, JA, Hara, AH, Saul, SH, Jang, EB & Moy, JH (2001): Effects of gamma irradiation on the life stages of yellow flower thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Annals of Applied Biology 138 (3): 263-268.

Links:
Mound, LA (2005): Thysanoptera (Thrips) of the World - A Checklist. http://www.ento.csiro.au/thysanoptera/worldthrips.html

top