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Thrips parvispinus
Fig. 1

Antenna

Fig. 2

Head

Fig. 3

Pronotum

Fig. 4

Pteronotum

Fig. 5

Wings

Fig. 6

Sternites 2-3

Fig. 7

Sternites 6-7

Fig. 8

Tergites 8-9

Figures

Fig. 1: Antenna (inset: III. and IV. antennal segment)
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Fore- and hindwing, base of fore wing with alula
Fig. 6: Sternites II and III
Fig. 7: Sternites VI and VII
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX

Taxonomic Information

Species:
Thrips parvispinus (Karny, 1922)

Synonyms:
Thrips (Isoneurothrips) taiwanus Takahashi, 1936
Isoneurothrips pallipes Moulton, 1928 
Isoneurothrips jenseni Karny, 1925 
Isoneurothrips parvispinus Karny, 1922 

Common name:
Taiwanese thrips

Present taxonomic position:
Family: Thripidae Stephens, 1829
Subfamily: Thripinae (Stephens) Karny, 1921
Genus: Thrips Linneaeus, 1758

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Species Recognition

General information about the genus Thrips:
There are about 280 species currently recognized in the genus Thrips making this genus one of the largest groups within the Thysanoptera. They are separated from other genera in having the following characters, antenna comprising 7 or 8 segments with segments III and IV containing forked sense cones, the head has two pairs of ocellar setae (II and III), pair I is missing, the pronotum with four long setae on the posterior margin, forewing 1st vein usually has a row of setae interrupted by gaps, on lateral sides of abdominal tergites V to VIII there are paired ctenidia, abdominal tergite VIII with ctenidia posterior to the spiracles.

Typical character states of Thrips parvispinus:

Body color
Mainly brown

Antennae
Number of antennal segments: 7
Segment IV - forked sensorium: scarcely extending beyond base of segment V
Segments II and III shape: more or less symmetric
Segments III & IV sensoria: emergent and forked
Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI: no more than 2 times as wide as base of nearest seta
Terminal antennal segments: rarely elongate

Head:
Distance between bases of ocellar setae III: greater than width of first ocellus
Head shape between compound eyes: not prolonged
Ocellar setae III on head: arising on anterior margin of, or in front of, ocellar triangle
Postocular setae I: absent
Surface of head, pronotum and fore legs: without strong reticulate sculpture
Ocellar setae I in front of anterior ocellus: absent

Prothorax
Number of pairs of elongate pronotal setae: 0-3
Number of pairs of elongate posteroangular pronotal setae: 2
Pronotum shape: rectangular
Number of pairs of pronotum posteromarginal minor setae: 3-4
Number of pairs of pronotum anteromarginal minor setae: 3-4

Mesothorax
Mesothoracic endofurca: with median spinula

Metathorax
Metanotal median area sculptured lines: with mainly equiangular reticulation
Metanotal median setae length: longer than lateral metanotal setae
Metanotal median setae position: arising behind anterior margin
Metanotum: with campaniform sensilla
Metanotum major sclerite: with two major sclerites, metascutum and metascutellum
Metanotum median area: with at least some equiangular reticulation
Metanotum sculpture: without dominant sculptured triangle medially
Metathoracic endofurca: transverse, sometimes with simple median spinula

Wings
Wings: present and more than half as long as abdomen
First vein of forewing: distinct from costal vein
Forewing anterior margin: with setae and cilia but cilia longer than setae
Forewing clavus: terminal veinal seta longer than subterminal seta
Forewing color: uniformly dark or shaded, but with base (or sub-base) pale
Forewing costal fringe of cilia: arising at anterior margin of wing
Forewing costal setae at middle of wing: shorter than median width of wing
Forewing first vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing posterior margin cilia: undulated near apex
Forewing second vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing surface: not reticulate
Forewings: with veins, setae and microtrichia

Legs
Fore tarsus inner apex: without tooth
Fore tibial apex: not extending around fore tarsus - with small curved claw ventrolaterally
Mid and hind tarsi: with two segments

Abdomen:
Pleurotergal discal setae: absent
Abdominal pleurotergites: not covered in microtrichia
Abdominal segment X: never tubular, longitudinally incomplete ventrally in both sexes
Abdominal sternite II: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite III of female: without glandular areas
Abdominal sternite VII: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite VII median marginal setae: arising in front of margin
Abdominal sternites IV , V and VI: with discal setae present medially as well as marginal setae
Number of lateral marginal setae on abdominal tergite II: 3-4
Abdominal tergites: without curved wing-retaining setae
Abdominal tergites IV & V median setal pair: much shorter than distance between their bases
Abdominal tergites V-VII: with pair of ctenidia laterally
Number of discal setae on sternite V: 3-13
Setae on abdominal tergite X: slender
Surface of lateral thirds of abdominal tergites: without regular rows of fine microtrichia
Ctenidia on tergite VIII: posteromesad to spiracle
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia: absent or present laterally, incomplete medially
Tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia: short and irregular in length

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Biology

Life history:
As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. The full cycle can take about 15 days (Lewis, 1973) to over a month and adults may live for more than one month producing several generations in one year depending on seasonal weather. With greenhouse temperatures the developmental time from egg to adult can decrease to about one week.

Host plants:
Polyphagous

Vector capacity:
None identified

Current known distribution:
Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Europe

Additional notes:
This polyphagous species has been recorded as a serious pest of Gardenia and as a moderate pest on several of its host plants as a result from the damage caused by feeding and breeding on the young leaves and flowers.

Bibliography

Bailey, SF (1957): The thrips of California Part I: Suborder Terebrantia. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 4, no. 5: 143-220.
Klose, MJ, Sdoodee, R, Teakle, DS, Milne, JR, Greber, RS & Walter, GH (1996): Transmission of three strains of Tobacco Streak Ilarvirus by different thrips species using virus-infected pollen. Journal of Phytopathology 144, 281-284.
Lewis, T (1973): Thrips their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press Inc., London Ltd. 349 pp.
Lim, WH (1989): Bunchy and malformed top of papaya cv. eksotika caused by Thrips parvispinus and Cladoaporium oxysporum. Mardi Res. J., 17, 200-207.
Moritz G, Morris DC, Mound LA (2001): ThripsID - Pest thrips of the world. ACIAR and CSIRO Publishing Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, CDROM ISBN 1 86320 296 X.
Moritz G, Mound LA, Morris DC, Goldarazena A
(2004): Pest thrips of the world - an identification and information system using molecular and microscopial methods. CBIT, University of Queensland,CDROM ISBN 1-86499-781-8.
Mound LA & Collins DW (2000): A south east Asian pest species newly recorded from Europe: Thrips parvispinus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), its confused identity and potential quarantine significance. Journal of European Entomology 97: 197–200.
Mound, LA & Kibby, G (1998): Thysanoptera: An identification guide,  (2nd edition). CAB International, Wallingford and New York, 70pp.
Mound, LA & Marullo, R (1996): The thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Publishers, Gainesville.
Nakahara, S (1994):
The Genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the New World. USDA Agricultural Research Service Technical bulletin No. 1822.
Potts, MJ & Gunadi, N (1991): The influence of intercropping with Allium on some insect populations in potato (Solanum tuberosum). Annals of Applied Biology, 119, 207-213.
Stannard, LJ (1968): The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 29: 215-552.
Vos, JGM & Nurtika, N (1995): Transplant production techniques in integrated crop management of hot pepper (Capsicum Spp) under tropical lowland conditions. Crop Protection, 14, 453-459..

Links:
Mound, LA (2005): Thysanoptera (Thrips) of the World - A Checklist. http://www.ento.csiro.au/thysanoptera/worldthrips.html

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