Antenna	Head	Pronotum	Pteronotum
Forewing	Tergites 4-5	Sternites 4-5	Tergites 8-9
CS249/CS250	O1/18J	P1/28Z	18SMP/28SMP

Figures

Fig. 1: Antenna (inset: III. antennal segment)
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Forewing
Fig. 6: Tergites IV and V
Fig. 7: Sternites IV and V
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX

ITS-RFLP gel patterns (1&8 ladder, 2 PCR-product, 3 RSAI, 4 HaeIII, 5 MspI, 6 HinfI, 7 AluI)
Fig. 9: Primer pair CS249/CS250
Fig. 10: Primer pair O1/18J
Fig. 11: Primer pair P1/28Z
Fig. 12: Primer pair 18SMP/28SMP

Taxonomic Information

Species:
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895)

Synonyms:
Frankliniella helianthi Blunck & Neu, 1949
Frankliniella dahliae Moulton, 1948 
Frankliniella dianthi Moulton, 1948 
Frankliniella syringae Moulton, 1948 
Frankliniella umbrosa Moulton, 1948 
Frankliniella chrysanthemi Kurosawa, 1941 
Frankliniella obscura Moulton, 1936
Frankliniella venusta Moulton, 1936 
Frankliniella conspicua Moulton, 1936 
Frankliniella occidentalis brunnescens Priesner, 1932 
Frankliniella occidentlis dubia Priesner, 1932 
Frankliniella claripennis Morgan, 1925
Frankliniella canadensis Morgan, 1925 
Frankliniella trehernei Morgan, 1925 
Frankliniella tritici maculata Priesner, 1925
Frankliniella moultoni Hood, 1924
Frankliniella nubila Treherne, 1924 
Frankliniella tritici moultoni Hood, 1914 
Euthrips helianthi Moulton, 1911
Euthrips tritici californicus Moulton, 1911 
Euthrips occidentalis Pergande, 1895

Common name:
Western Flower Thrips

Present taxonomic position:
Family: Thripidae Stephens, 1829
Subfamily: Thripinae (Stephens) Karny, 1921
Genus: Frankliniella Karny, 1910

Species Recognition

General information about the genus Frankliniella:
The members in this genus are sometimes quite difficult to separate from one another and the classification has been in flux with many species later synonymized in association with color variations. There are about 180 species in this genus most having three pairs of ocellar setae well developed, 8 segmented antennae with III and IV having forked sense cones, well developed setae on the anterior and posterior margins of the pronotum, when present wings with complete rows of setae on the wing veins, two segmented tarsi, without accessory setae on abdominal sternites, with a ctenidia laterally on abdominal segments with ctenidia anterior to spiracle on segment VIII and with males generally smaller and paler than the females (Stannard, 1968).

Typical character states of Frankliniella oocidentalis:

Body color
Mainly brown or mainly pale or yellow, with some darker markings or bicolored

Antennae
Number of antennal segments: 8
Segment IV - forked sensorium: scarcely extending beyond base of segment V
Segments II and III shape: more or less symmetric
Segments III & IV sensoria: emergent and forked
Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI: no more than 2 times as wide as base of nearest seta
Terminal antennal segments: rarely elongate
Shape of pedicel of antennal segment III: simple

Head:
Distance between bases of ocellar setae III: greater than width of first ocellus
Head shape between compound eyes: not prolonged
Major postocular setae: more than half as long as ocellar setae III
Ocellar setae III on head: arising on anterior margin of, or in front of, ocellar triangle
Postocular setae I: present
Surface of head, pronotum and fore legs: without strong reticulate sculpture
Ocellar setae I in front of anterior ocellus: present

Prothorax
Number of pairs of elongate pronotal setae: 4-5
Number of pairs of elongate posteroangular pronotal setae: 2
Pronotum shape: rectangular
Number of pairs of pronotum posteromarginal minor setae:5-6
Number of pairs of pronotum anteromarginal minor setae: 2

Mesothorax
Mesothoracic endofurca: with median spinula

Metathorax
Metanotal median area sculptured lines:  transverse at anterior, but forming irregular longitudinal reticulations on posterior half
Metanotal median setae length: longer than lateral metanotal setae
Metanotal median setae position: arising at anterior margin
Metanotum: with campaniform sensilla
Metanotum major sclerite: with two major sclerites, metascutum and metascutellum
Metanotum median area: with at least some or with no equiangular reticulation
Metanotum sculpture: without dominant sculptured triangle medially
Metathoracic endofurca: transverse, sometimes with simple median spinula

Wings
Wings: present and more than half as long as abdomen
First vein of forewing: distinct from costal vein
Forewing anterior margin: with setae and cilia but cilia longer than setae
Forewing color: uniformly pale or weakly shaded
Forewing costal fringe of cilia: arising at anterior margin of wing
Forewing first vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing posterior margin cilia: undulated near apex
Forewing second vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing surface: not reticulate
Forewings: with veins, setae and microtrichia

Legs
Fore tibial apex: not extending around fore tarsus
Mid and hind tarsi: with two segments

Abdomen:
Abdominal pleurotergites:  not covered in microtrichia
Abdominal segment X: never tubular, longitudinally incomplete ventrally in both sexes
Abdominal sternite II: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite III of female: without glandular areas
Abdominal sternite VII: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite VII median marginal setae: arising at margin - arising in front of margin
Abdominal sternites IV , V and VI: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal tergites: without curved wing-retaining setae
Abdominal tergites IV & V median setal pair: much shorter than distance between their bases
Abdominal tergites V-VII: with pair of ctenidia laterally
Setae on abdominal tergite X: slender
Surface of lateral thirds of abdominal tergites: without regular rows of fine microtrichia
Ctenidia on tergite VIII:  anterolaterad to spiracle
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia: present, complete medially
Tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia: long, slender, irregular on broadly triangular bases

Biology

Life history:
Dependent on temperature, life cycle from egg to adult can range from 15 (30°) to 44 (15°C) days and adults can live for 28 to 71 days. The number of eggs that an adult thrips may lay can range from 24 to 96 and can produce 12-15 generations in constant warm temperatures such as in greenhouses.

Host plants:
Polyphagous, feeds on all plant parts i.e., flowers, fruit, seeds, stems and leaves of numerous plant material such as vegetables, fruits, potted flowering plants and nursery stock. 

Vector capacity:
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)
Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV)
Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV)
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV)

Also known to transmit Fusarium moniliforme (a fungus that causes ear rot of corn) and Erwinia amylovora (fire blight bacteria).

Current known distribution:
Widespread around the world.

Additional notes:
Deformation of young seedlings and fruit and discoloration, silvering and bleaching of leaves, flowers and fruit. Fruits scarred very early in development causing disfigurement as fruit expands.
Beneficial aspects: Feeds on mite eggs.

Bibliography

Abe, H, Ohnishi, J, Narusaka, M, Seo, S, Narusaka, Y, Tsuda, S & Kobayashi, M (2008): Function of jasmonate in response and tolerance of Arabidopsis to thrip feeding. - Plant and Cell Physiology 49 (1): 68-80.
Abe, M & Ikegami, T (2005): Susceptibility of five species of thrips to different strains of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 40 (4): 667-674.,be, M, Imai,
Agrawal, AA & Colfer, RG (2000): Consequences of thrips-infested plants for attraction of conspecifics and parasitoids. - Ecological Entomology 25 (4): 493-496.
Agrawal, AA & Klein, CN (2000): What omnivores eat: direct effects of induced plant resistance on herbivores and indirect consequences for diet selection by omnivores. - Journal of Animal Ecology 69 (3): 525-535.
Agrawal, AA, Kobayashi, C & Thaler, JS (1999): Influence of prey availability and induced host-plant resistance on omnivory by western flower thrips. - Ecology 80 (2): 518-523.
Ahumada, MH, Mitcham, EJ & Moore, DG (1996): Postharvest quality of 'Thompson Seedless' grapes after insecticidal controlled-atmosphere treatments. - Hortscience 31 (5): 833-836.
Allen, JKM, Scott-Dupree, CD, Tolman, JH & Harris, CR (2005): Resistance of Thrips tabaci to pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides in Ontario, Canada. - Pest Management Science 61 (8): 809-815.
Allen, WR & Broadbent, AB (1986): Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Ontario Greenhouses by Frankliniella occidentalis. - Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 8 (1): 33-38.
Allen, WR & Matteoni, JA (1991): Petunia as an indicator plant for use by growers to monitor for thrips carrying the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Greenhouses. - Plant Disease 75 (1): 78-82.
Allen, WR, Tehrani, B & Luft, R (1993): Effect of horticultural oil, insecticidal soap, and film-forming products on the Western Flower Thrips and the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. - Plant Disease 77 (9): 915-918.
Al-Mazraawi, MS, Shipp, L, Broadbent, B & Kevan, P (2006): Biological control of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera : Miridae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) by Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera : Apidae) vectored Beauveria bassiana in greenhouse sweet pepper. - Biological Control 37 (1): 89-97.
Al-Zyoud, F & Sengonca, C (2004): Prey consumption preferences of Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Col., Coccinelidae) for different prey stages, species and parasitized prey. - Journal of Pest Science 77 (4): 197-204.
Annadana, S, Peters, J, Gruden, K, Schipper, A, Outchkourov, NS, Beekwilder, MJ, Udayakumar, M & Jongsma, MA (2002): Effects of cysteine protease inhibitors on oviposition rate of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Insect Physiology 48 (7): 701-706.
Ansari, MA, Brownbridge, M, Shah, FA & Butt, TM (2008): Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, in plant-growing media. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 127 (2): 80-87.
Ansari, MA, Shah, FA, Whittaker, M, Prasad, M & Butt, TM (2007): Control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) pupae with Metarhizium anisopliae in peat and peat alternative growing media. - Biological Control 40 (3): 293-297.
Antignus, Y (2000): Manipulation of wavelength-dependent behaviour of insects: an IPM tool to impede insects and restrict epidemics of insect-borne viruses. - Virus Research 71 (1-2): 213-220.
Antignus, Y, Lapidot, M, Hadar, D, Messika, Y & Cohen, S (1998): Ultraviolet-absorbing screens serve as optical barriers to protect crops from virus and insect pests. - Journal of Economic Entomology 91 (6): 1401-1405.
Antignus, Y, Mor, N, Joseph, RB, Lapidot, M & Cohen, S (1996): Ultraviolet-absorbing plastic sheets protect crops from insect pests and from virus diseases vectored by insects. - Environmental Entomology 25 (5): 919-924.
Aramburu, J, Riudavets, J, Arbo, J, Lavina, A & Moriones, E (1997): The proportion of viruliferous individuals in field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis: Implications for tomato spotted wilt virus epidemics in tomato. - European Journal of Plant Pathology 103 (7): 623-629.
Aramburu, J, Riudavets, J, Arno, J, Lavina, A & Moriones, E (1996): Rapid serological detection of tomato spotted wilt virus in individual thrips by squash-blot assay for use in epidemiological studies. - Plant Pathology 45 (2): 367-374.
Aramburu, J, Rodriguez, M & Arino, J (2000): Effect of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) infection on the fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants of cultivars carrying the SW-5 gene. - Journal of Phytopathology 148 (11-12): 569-574.
Araya, JE, Curkovic, T & Zarate, H (2007): Mortality of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) by gamma irradiation. - Agricultura Tecnica 67 (2): 196-200.
Arijs, Y & De Clercq, P (2001): Rearing Orius laevigatus on cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. - Biological Control 21 (1): 79-83.
Arli-Sokmen, M, Mennan, H, Sevik, MA & Ecevit, O (2005): Occurrence of viruses in field-grown pepper crops and some of their reservoir weed hosts in Samsun, Turkey. - Phytoparasitica 33 (4): 347-358.
Armstrong, JS, Kraemer, GC & Mitchell, FL (2001): Thrips species associated with West Texas peanut. - Southwestern Entomologist 26 (4): 345-352.
Arno, J, Roig, J & Riudavets, J (2008): Evaluation of Orius majusculus and O. laevigatus as predators of Bemisa tabaci and estimation of their prey preference. - Biological Control 44 (1): 1-6.
Arthurs, S & Heinz, KM (2002): In vivo rearing of Thripinema nicklewoodi (Tylenchida : Allantonematidae) and prospects as a biological control agent of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 95 (4): 668-674.
Arthurs, S & Heinz, KM (2003): Thrips parasitic nematode Thripinema nicklewoodi (Tylenchida : Allantonematidae) reduces feeding, reproductive fitness, and tospovirus transmission by its host, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Environmental Entomology 32 (4): 853-858.
Arthurs, S & Heinz, KM (2006): Evaluation of the nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Thripinema nicklewoodi as biological control agents of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis infesting chrysanthemum. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 16 (2): 141-155.
Arthurs, S, Heinz, KM, Thompson, S & Krauter, PC (2003): Effect of temperature on infection, development and reproduction of the parasitic nematode Thripinema nicklewoodi in Frankliniella occidentalis. - Biocontrol 48 (4): 417-429.
Ascher, KRS, Klein, M & Meisner, J (1992): Azatin, a Neem formulation, acts on nymphs of the Western Flower Thrips. - Phytoparasitica 20 (4): 305-306.
Atakan, E (2006): Associations between Frankliniella spp. and Orius niger populations in cotton. - Phytoparasitica 34 (3): 221-234.
Atakan, E & Canhilal, R (2004): Evaluation of yellow sticky traps at various heights for monitoring cotton insect pests. - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 21 (1): 15-24.
Atakan, E, Coll, M & Rosen, D (1996): Within-plant distribution of thrips and their predators: Effects of cotton variety and developmental stage. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 86 (6): 641-646.
Atakan, E & Gencer, O (2008): Influence of planting date on the relationship between populations of Frankliniella flower thrips and predatory bug Orius niger in cotton. - Journal of Pest Science 81 (3): 123-133.
Atakan, E & Uygur, S (2005): Winter and spring abundance of Frankliniella spp. and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysan., Thripidae) on weed host plants in Turkey. - Journal of Applied Entomology 129 (1): 17-26.
Avila, Y, Stavisky, J, Hague, S, Funderburk, J, Reitz, S & Momol, T. (2006): Evaluation of Frankliniella bispinosa (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) as a vector of the Tomato spotted wilt virus in pepper. - Florida Entomologist 89 (2): 204-207.
Azaizeh, H, Gindin, G, Said, O & Barash, L (2002): Biological control of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis in cucumber using the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. - Phytoparasitica 30 (1): 18-24.
Baez, I, Reitz, SE & Funderburk, JE (2004): Predation by Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) on life stages and species of Frankliniella flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in pepper flowers. - Environmental Entomology 33 (3): 662-670.
Bailey, SF (1957): The thrips of California Part I: Suborder Terebrantia. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 4, no. 5: 143-220.
Bandla, MD, Campbell, LR, Ullman, DE & Sherwood, JL (1998): Interaction of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) glycoproteins with a thrips midgut protein, a potential cellular receptor for TSWV. - Phytopathology 88 (2): 98-104.
Bandla, MD, Westcot, DM, Chenault, KD, Ullman, DE, German, TL. & Sherwood, JL (1994): Use of Monoclonal-Antibody to the nonstructural protein encoded by the Small RNA of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus to identify viruliferous thrips. - Phytopathology 84 (12): 1427-1431.
Banks, JN, Collins, DW, Rizvi, RH, Northway, BJ & Danks, C (1998): Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the EU-listed pest Thrips palmi. - Food and Agricultural Immunology 10 (3): 281-290.
Barbour, JD & Brandenburg, RL (1994): Vernal infusion of thrips into North-Carolina Peanut Fields. - Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (2): 446-451.
Barik, A & Banerjee, TC (2005): The role of triterpenes in the weed-insect interaction. - Allelopathy Journal 15 (2): 259-266.
Bautista, RC & Mau, RFL (1994): Preferences and development of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on plant hosts of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus in Hawaii. - Environmental Entomology 23 (6): 1501-1507.
Bautista, RC, Mau, RFL, Cho, JJ & Custer, DM (1995): Potential of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus Plant Nests in Hawaii as virus reservoirs for transmission by Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Phytopathology 85 (9): 953-958.
Behar, A, Yuval, B & Jurkevitch, E (2005): Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. - Molecular Ecology 14 (9): 2637-2643.
Belay, D, Ebssa, L & Borgemeister, C (2005): Time and frequency of applications of entomopathogenic nematodes and their persistence for control of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Nematology 7: 611-622.
Belliure, B, Janssen, A, Maris, PC, Peters, D & Sabelis, MW (2005): Herbivore arthropods benefit from vectoring plant viruses. - Ecology Letters 8 (1): 70-79.
Belliure, B, Janssen, A & Sabelis, MW (2008): Herbivore benefits from vectoring plant virus through reduction of period of vulnerability to predation. - Oecologia 156 (4): 797-806.
Bergant, K & Trdan, S (2006): How reliable are thermal constants for insect development when estimated from laboratory experiments? - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 120 (3): 251-256.
Bergh, JC & Leblanc, JPR (1997): Performance of Western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cultivars of miniature rose. - Journal of Economic Entomology 90 (2): 679-688.
Berlinger, MJ, Taylor, RAJ, Lebiush-Mordechi, S, Shalhevet, S & Spharim, I (2002): Efficiency of insect exclusion screens for preventing whitefly transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl virus of tomatoes in Israel. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 92 (5): 367-373.
Berndt, O, Meyhofer, R & Poehling, HM (2004): The edaphic phase in the ontogenesis of Frankliniella occidentalis and comparison of Hypoaspis miles and Hypoaspis aculeifer as predators of soil-dwelling thrips stages. - Biological Control 30 (1): 17-24.
Berndt, O, Poehling, HM & Meyhofer, R (2004): Predation capacity of two predatory laelapid mites on soil-dwelling thrips stages. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 112 (2): 107-115.
Berry, N, Butler, RC & Teulon, DAJ (2006): Responses of New Zealand flower thrips (Thrips obscuratus) to synthetic and natural stimuli (odour and colour) in a wind tunnel. - New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 34 (2): 121-129.
Bethke, JA & Paine, TD(1991): Screen Hole size and barriers for exclusion of insect pests of glasshouse crops. - Journal of Entomological Science 26 (1): 169-177.
Bhagwat, B & Lane, WD (2003): Eliminating thrips from in vitro shoot cultures of apple with insecticides. - Hortscience 38 (1): 97-100.
Bhatti, JS (2006): The Classification of Terebrantia (Insecta) into Families. Oriental Insects 40: 339-375.
Bielza, P, Espinosa, PJ, Quinto, V, Abellan, J & Contreras, J (2007): Synergism studies with binary mixtures of pyrethroid, carbamate and organophosphate insecticides on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). - Pest Management Science 63 (1): 84-89.
Bielza, P, Quinto, V, Contreras, J, Torne, M, Martin, A & Espinosa, PJ (2007): Resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in greenhouses of south-eastern Spain. - Pest Management Science 63 (7): 682-687.
Bielza, P, Quinto, V, Fernandez, E, Gravalos, C, Abellan, J & Cifuentes, D (2008): Inheritance of resistance to acrinathrin in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Pest Management Science 64 (5): 584-588.
Bielza, P, Quinto, V, Fernandez, E, Gravalos, C & Contreras, J (2007): Genetics of spinosad resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (3): 916-920.
Bielza, P, Quinto, V, Gravalos, C, Abellan, J & Fernandez, E (2008): Lack of fitness costs of insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 101 (2): 499-503.
Bitterlich, I & Macdonald, LS (1993): The prevalence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in weeds and crops in Southwestern British-Columbia. - Canadian Plant Disease Survey 73 (2): 137-142.
Blackmer, JL, Byers, JA & Rodriguez-Saona, C (2008): Evaluation of color traps for monitoring Lygus spp.: design, placement, height, time of day, and non-target effects. - Crop Protection 27 (2): 171-181.
Blaeser, P, Sengonca, C & Zegula, T (2004): The potential use of different predatory bug species in the biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Pest Science 77 (4): 211-219.
Blumthal, MR, Cloyd, RA, Spomer, LA & Warnock, DF (2005): Flower color preferences of western flower thrips. - Horttechnology 15 (4): 846-853.
Boissot, N, Reynaud, B & Letourmy, P (1998): Temporal analysis of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) population dynamics on reunion island. - Environmental Entomology 27 (6): 1437-1443.
Boll, R, Marchal, C, Poncet, C & Lapchin, L (2007): Rapid visual estimates of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) densities on cucumber and rose crops. - Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (1): 225-232.
Boonham, N, Smith, P, Walsh, K, Tame, J, Morris, J, Spence, N, Bennison, J & Barker, I(2002): The detection of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in individual thrips using real time fluorescent RT-PCR (TaqMan). - Journal of Virological Methods 101 (1-2): 37-48.
Bosco, L, Giacometto, E & Tavella, L (2008): Colonization and predation of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) by Orius spp. (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) in sweet pepper greenhouses in Northwest Italy. - Biological Control 44 (3): 331-340.
Broadbent, AB, Allen, WR & Foottit, RG (1987): The association of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) with greenhouse crops and the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Ontario. - Canadian Entomologist 119 (5): 501-503.
Broadbent, AB & Hunt, DWA (1991): Inability of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), to overwinter in Southern Ontario. - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 122: 47-49.
Broadbent, AB, Matteoni, JA & Allen, WR (1990): Feeding Preferences of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), and incidence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus among cultivars of florists Chrysanthemum. - Canadian Entomologist 122 (11-12): 1111-1117.
Broadbent, AB & Pree, DJ (1997): Resistance to insecticides in populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) from greenhouses in the Niagara region of Ontario. - Canadian Entomologist 129 (5): 907-913.
Broadbent, AB, Rhainds, M, Shipp, L, Murphy, G & Wainman, L (2003): Pupation behaviour of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on potted chrysanthemum. - Canadian Entomologist 135 (5): 741-744.
Brodbeck, BV, Stavisky, J, Funderburk, JE, Andersen, PC & Olson, SM (2001): Flower nitrogen status and populations of Frankliniella occidentalis feeding on Lycopersicon esculentum. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 99 (2): 165-172.
Brodeur, J & Cloutier, C (1992): A modified leaf disk method for rearing predaceous mites [Acarina, Phytoseiidae]. - Phytoprotection 73 (2): 69-72.
Brodsgaard, HF (1989): Colored sticky traps for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in glasshouses. - Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie 107 (2): 136-140.
Brodsgaard, HF (1993): Cold-Hardiness and tolerance to submergence in water in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Environmental Entomology 22 (3): 647-653.
Brodsgaard, HF (1994): Effect of photoperiod on the bionomics of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie 117 (5): 498-507.
Brodsgaard, HF (1994): Insecticide resistance in European and African strains of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) tested in a new residue-on-glass test. - Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (5): 1141-1146.
Broughton, S & Herron, GA (2007): Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) chemical control: insecticide efficacy associated with the three consecutive spray strategy. - Australian Journal of Entomology 46: 140-145.
Brown, SL, Culbreath, AK, Todd, JW, Gorbet, DW, Baldwin, JA & Beasley, JP (2005): Development of a method of risk assessment to facilitate integrated management of spotted wilt of peanut. - Plant Disease 89 (4): 348-356.
Brunner, PC & Frey, JE (2004): Isolation and characterization of six polymorphic microsatellite loci in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera). - Molecular Ecology Notes 4 (4): 599-601.
Bryan, DE & Smith, RF (1956): The Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) complex in California (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 10: 359–410.
Buitenhuis, R & Shipp, JL (2005): Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae) as influenced by Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) developmental stage and host plant stage. - Journal of Economic Entomology 98 (5): 1480-1485.
Buitenhuis, R & Shipp, JL (2006): Factors influencing the use of trap plants for the control Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse potted chrysanthemum. - Environmental Entomology 35 (5): 1411-1416.
Buitenhuis, R & Shipp, JL (2008): Influence of plant species and plant growth stage on Frankliniella occidentalis pupation behaviour in greenhouse ornamentals. - Journal of Applied Entomology 132 (1): 86-88.
Buitenhuis, R, Shipp, JL, Jandricic, S, Murphy, G & Short, M (2007): Effectiveness of insecticide-treated and non-treated trap plants for the management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in greenhouse ornamentals. - Pest Management Science 63 (9): 910-917.
Buntin, GD & Beshear, RJ (1995): Seasonal abundance of thrips (Thysanoptera) on winter small grains in Georgia. - Environmental Entomology 24 (5): 1216-1223.
Caamano, EX, Cloyd, RA, Solter, LF & Fallon, DJ (2008): Quality assessment of two commercially available species of entomopathogenic nematodes: Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis indica. - Horttechnology 18 (1): 84-89.
Campbell, L, Robb, K & Ullman, D (2006): The complete Tospovirus resource page. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/tospovirus/welcome.htm.
Cannon, RJC, Matthews, L & Collins, DW (2007): A review of the pest status and control options for Thrips palmi. - Crop Protection 26 (8): 1089-1098.
Carlson, EC & Witt, RL (1977): Insecticides for Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera-Thripidae) and Lygus-Hesperus (Hemiptera-(Heteropera)-Miridae) on Safflower Plants. - Journal of Economic Entomology 70 (4): 460-462.
Carrizo, P (2008): Effects of yellow trap size on sampling efficiency for western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) from pepper plants (Capsicum annum) grown in greenhouses. - Ciencia E Investigacion Agraria 35 (2): 191-197.
Castane, C, Alomar, O & Riudavets, J (1996): Management of western flower thrips on cucumber with Dicyphus tamaninii (Heteroptera: Miridae). - Biological Control 7 (1): 114-120.
Castane, C & Zalom, FG (1994): Artificial oviposition substrate for eearing Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae). - Biological Control 4 (1): 88-91.
Castrillo, LA, Ugine, TA, Filotas, MJ, Sanderson, JP, Vandenberg, JD & Wraight, SP (2008): Molecular characterization and comparative virulence of Beauveria bassiana isolates (Ascomycota : Hypocreales) associated with the greenhouse shore fly, Scatella tenuicosta (Diptera : Ephydridae). - Biological Control 45 (1): 154-162.
Cerkauskas, RF, Koike, ST, Azad, HR, Lowery, DT & Stobbs, LW (2006): Diseases, pests, and abiotic disorders of greenhouse-grown water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in Ontario and California. - Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 28 (1): 63-70.
Chaisuekul, C & Riley, DG (2001): Thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) feeding response to concentration of imidacloprid in tomato leaf tissue. - Journal of Entomological Science 36 (3): 315-317.
Chaisuekul, C & Riley, DG (2005): Host plant, temperature, and photoperiod effects on ovipositional preference of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 98 (6): 2107-2113.
Chaisuekul, C, Riley, DG & Pappu, HR (2003): Transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus to tomato plants of different ages. - Journal of Entomological Science 38 (1): 127-136.
Chamberlin, JR, Culbreath, AK, Todd, JW & Demski, JW (1993): Detection of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in tobacco thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) overwintering in harvested peanut fields. - Journal of Economic Entomology 86 (1): 40-45.
Chamberlin, JR, Todd, JW, Beshear, RJ, Culbreath, AK & Demski, JW (1992): Overwintering hosts and wingform of thrips, Frankliniella Spp in Georgia (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) - Implications for management of Spotted Wilt Disease. - Environmental Entomology 21 (1): 121-128.
Chambers, RJ & Long, S (1992): New Predators for Biocontrol under Glass. - Phytoparasitica 20: S57-S60.
Chambers, RJ, Long, S & Helyer, NL (1993): Effectiveness of Orius laevigatus (Hem, Anthocoridae) for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber and pepper in the Uk. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 3 (3): 295-307.
Chanbusarakum, L & Ullman, D (2007): Exploration of gut bacteria in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), western flower thrips. - Journal of Insect Science 7.
Chatzivassiliou, EK (2008): Management of the spread of tomato spotted wilt virus in tobacco crops with insecticides based on estimates of thrips infestation and virus incidence. - Plant Disease 92 (7): 1012-1020.
Chatzivassiliou, EK, Boubourakas, I, Drossos, E, Eleftherohorinos, I, Jenser, G, Peters, D & Katis, NI (2001): Weeds in greenhouses and tobacco fields are differentially infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus and infested by its vector species. - Plant Disease 85 (1): 40-46.
Chatzivassiliou, EK, Livieratos, I, Jenser, G & Katis, N (2000): Ornamental plants and thrips populations associated with tomato spotted wilt virus in Greece. - Phytoparasitica 28 (3): 257-264.
Chatzivassiliou, EK, Nagata, T, Katis, NI & Peters, D (1999): Transmission of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus by Thrips tabaci populations originating from leek. - Plant Pathology 48 (6): 700-706.
Chatzivassiliou, EK, Peters, D & Katis, NI (2002): The efficiency by which Thrips tabaci populations transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus depends on their host preference and reproductive strategy. - Phytopathology 92 (6): 603-609.
Chatzivassiliou, EK, Peters, D & Katis, NI (2007): The role of weeds in the spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus by Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in tobacco crops. - Journal of Phytopathology 155 (11-12): 699-705.
Chatzivassiliou, EK, Peters, D & Lolas, P (2007): Occurrence of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Stevia rebaudiana and Solanum tuberosum in Northern Greece. - Plant Disease 91 (9): 1205-1205.
Chatzivassiliou, EK, Weekes, R, Morris, J, Wood, KR, Barker, I & Katis, NI (2000): Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in Greece: its incidence following the expansion of Frankliniella occidentalis, and characterisation of isolates collected from various hosts. - Annals of Applied Biology 137 (2): 127-134.
Chau, A & Heinz, KM (2006): Manipulating fertilization: a management tactic against Frankliniella occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 120 (3): 201-219.
Chau, A, Heinz, KM & Davies, FT (2005): Influences of fertilization on population abundance, distribution, and control of Frankliniella occidentalis on chrysanthemum. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 117 (1): 27-39.
Chau, A, Heinz, KM & Davies, FT (2005): Influences of fertilization on population abundance, distribution, and control of Frankliniella occidentalis on chrysanthemum, (vol 117, pg 27, 2005). - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 117 (2): 175-175.
Chellemi, DO, Funderburk, JE & Hall, DW (1994): Seasonal abundance of flower-inhabiting Frankliniella Species (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on wild plant species. - Environmental Entomology 23 (2): 337-342.
Chen, TY, Chu, CC, Fitzgerald, G, Natwick, ET & Henneberry, TJ (2004): Trap evaluations for thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and hoverflies (Diptera : Syrphidae). - Environmental Entomology 33 (5): 1416-1420.
Chen, TY, Chu, CC & Henneberry, TJ (2006): Frankliniella occidentalis colonization on okra- and normal-leaf cotton strains and cultivars. - Southwestern Entomologist 31 (4): 281-287.
Chen, TY, Chu, CC & Henneberry, TJ (2006): Influence of trap configuration and size on Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) captures. - Southwestern Entomologist 31 (2): 157-160.
Chen, TY, Chu, CC, Henneberry, TJ & Umeda, K (2004): Monitoring and trapping insects on poinsettia with yellow sticky card traps equipped with light-emitting diodes. - Horttechnology 14 (3): 337-341.
Chen, Y & Williams, KA (2006): Quantifying western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) damage on Ivy Geranium (Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Her ex Ait.) (Geraniaceae Juss.) with Adobe (R) Photoshop (TM) and Scion (R) image software. - Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79 (1): 83-87.
Chen, Y, Williams, KA, Harbaugh, BK & Bell, ML (2004): Effects of tissue phosphorus and nitrogen in Impatiens wallerana on western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) population levels and plant damage. - Hortscience 39 (3): 545-550.
Chen, YG & Ruberson, JR (2008): Impact of variable nitrogen fertilisation on arthropods in cotton in Georgia, USA. - Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 126 (3-4): 281-288.
Chi, H & Yang, TC (2003): Two-sex life table and predation rate of Propylaea japonica Thunberg (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) fed on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera : Aphididae). - Environmental Entomology 32 (2): 327-333.
Chiasson, H, Vincent, C & Bostanian, NJ (2004): Insecticidal properties of a Chenopodium-based botanical. - Journal of Economic Entomology 97 (4): 1378-1383.
Chilcutt, CF (2007): Effects of proportion and configuration of Bacillus thuringiensis cotton on pest abundance, damage, and yield. - Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (4): 1428-1434.
Chilcutt, CF, Wilson, LT, Lascano, R, Bronson, KF & Booker, J (2005): Scaling and the effects of plant, soil, and landscape characteristics on sap-feeding herbivores in cotton. - Environmental Entomology 34 (1): 75-86.
Childers, CC & Beshear, RJ (1992): Thrips (Thysanoptera) species associated with developing citrus flowers in Florida and a key to adult Terebrantian Females. - Journal of Entomological Science 27 (4): 392-412.
Childers, CC & Nakahara, S (2006): Thysanoptera (thrips) within citrus orchards in Florida: Species distribution, relative and seasonal abundance within trees, and species on vines and ground cover plants. - Journal of Insect Science 6: -.
Chitturi, A, Riley, DG & Joost, PH (2006): Effect of pine pollen on settling behavior of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on tomato and peanut. - Environmental Entomology 35 (5): 1396-1403.
Cho, JJ, Mitchell, WC, Yudin, L & Takayama, L (1984): Ecology and epidemiology of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (Tswv) and ITS Vector, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Phytopathology 74 (7): 866-866.
Cho, K, Walgenbach, JF & Kennedy, GG (2000): Daily and temporal occurrence of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on tomato. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 15 (2): 207-214.
Cho, KJ, Eckel, CS, Walgenbach, JF & Kennedy, GG (1995): Comparison of colored sticky traps for monitoring thrips populations (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in staked tomato fields. - Journal of Entomological Science 30 (2): 176-190.
Cho, KJ, Eckel, CS, Walgenbach, JF & Kennedy, GG (1995): Overwintering of thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in North-Carolina. - Environmental Entomology 24 (1): 58-67.
Cho, KJ, Eckel, CS, Walgenbach, JF & Kennedy, GG (1995): Spatial-Distribution and sampling procedures for Frankliniella Spp (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in staked tomato. - Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (6): 1658-1665.
Cho, KJ, Lee, JH, Park, JJ, Kim, JK & Uhm, KB (2001): Analysis of spatial pattern of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse cucumbers using dispersion index and spatial autocorrelation. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 36 (1): 25-32.
Chow, A, Chau, A & Heinz, KM (2008): Compatibility of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) with Amblyseius (Iphiseius) degenerans (Acari : Phytoseiidae) for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse roses. - Biological Control 44 (2): 259-270.
Chu, CC et al. (2006): Improvement of CC traps for catching Frankliniella occidentalis. - Southwestern Entomologist 31 (3): 201-210.
Chu, CC et al. (2005): Light response by Frankliniella occidentalis to white fluorescent light filtered through color films and ultraviolet- and blue light-emitting diodes. - Southwestern Entomologist 30 (3): 149-154.
Chu, CC, Ciomperlik, MA, Chang, NT, Richards, M & Henneberry, TJ (2006):Developing and evaluating traps for monitoring Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Florida Entomologist 89 (1): 47-55.
Chu, CC et al. (2000): Use of CC traps with different trap base colors for silverleaf whiteflies (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae), thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), and leafhoppers (Homoptera : Cicadellidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (4): 1329-1337.
Chyzik, R, Bendov, Y, Nakache, Y & Klein, M (1995): Association of the Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) with cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in Israel. - Phytoparasitica 23 (2): 147-155.
Chyzik, R, Glazer, O & Klein, M (1996): Virulence and efficacy of different entomopathogenic nematode species against western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). - Phytoparasitica 24 (2): 103-110.
Chyzik, R, Klein, M & Bendov, Y (1995): Overwintering biology of the predatory bug Orius albidipennis (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) in Israel. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 5 (3): 287-296.
Chyzik, R, Klein, M & Bendov, Y (1995): Reproduction and survival of the predatory bug Orius albidipennis on various arthropod prey. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 75 (1): 27-31.
Chyzik, R & Ucko, O (2002): Seasonal abundance of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis in the Arava valley of Israel. - Phytoparasitica 30 (4): 335-346.
Cloutier, C & Johnson, SG (1993): Interaction between life stages in a phytoseiid predator - Western Flower Thrips prey killed by adults as food for protonymphs of Amblyseius cucumeris. - Experimental & Applied Acarology 17 (6): 441-449.
Cloutier, C & Johnson, SG (1993): Predation by Orius tristicolor (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina, Phytoseiidae) - testing for compatibility between biocontrol agents. - Environmental Entomology 22 (2): 477-482.
Cloyd, RA (2006): Compatibility of insecticides with natural enemies to control pests of greenhouses and conservatories. - Journal of Entomological Science 41 (3): 189-197.
Cloyd, RA & Chiasson, H (2007): Activity of an essential oil derived from Chenopodium ambrosioides on greenhouse insect pests. - Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (2): 459-466.
Cloyd, RA & Sadof, CS (2003): Seasonal abundance and the use of an action threshold for western flower thrips, in a cut carnation greenhouse. - Horttechnology 13 (3): 497-500.
Cloyd, RA, Warnock, DF & Holmes, K (2001): Technique for collecting thrips for use in insecticide efficacy trials. - Hortscience 36 (5): 925-926.
Cloyd, RA & Zaborski, ER (2004): Fungus gnats, Bradysia spp. (Diptera: Sciaridae), and other arthropods in commercial bagged soilless growing media and rooted plant plugs. - Journal of Economic Entomology 97 (2): 503-510.
Cocuzza, GE, Cocuzza, G. E, De Clercq, P, Lizzio, S, Van de Veire, M, Tirry, L, Degheele, D & Vacante, V. (1997): Life tables and predation activity of Orius laevigatus and O. albidipennis at three constant temperatures. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 85 (3): 189-198.
Cocuzza, GE, DeClercq, P, VandeVeire, M, DeCock, A, Degheele, D & Vacante, V. (1997): Reproduction of Orius laevigatus and Orius albidipennis on pollen and Ephestia kuehniella eggs. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 82 (1): 101-104.
Colfer, RG, Rosenheim, JA, Godfrey, LD & Hsu, CL (2003): Interactions between the augmentatively released predaceous mite Galendromus occidentalis (Acari : Phytoseiidae) and naturally occurring generalist predators. - Environmental Entomology 32 (4): 840-852.
Coll, M & Ridgway, RL (1995): Functional and numerical responses of Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae) to its prey in different vegetable crops. - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88 (6): 732-738.
Coll, M, Shakya, S, Shouster, I, Nenner, Y & Steinberg, S (2007): Decision-making tools for Frankliniella occidentalis management in strawberry: consideration of target markets. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 122 (1): 59-67.
Contreras, J, Espinosa, PJ, Quinto, V, Gravalos, C, Fernandez, E & Bielza, P (2008): Stability of insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis to acrinathrin, formetanate and methiocarb. - Agricultural and Forest Entomology 10 (3): 273-278.
Cook, DF, Dadour, IR & Bailey, WJ (2002): Addition of alarm pheromone to insecticides and the possible improvement of the control of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - International Journal of Pest Management 48 (4): 287-290.
Cook, DR, Allen, CT, Burris, E, Freeman, BL, Herzog, GA, Lentz, GL, Leonard, BR & Reed, JT (2003): A survey of thrips (Thysanoptera) species infesting cotton seedlings in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. - Journal of Entomological Science 38 (4): 669-681.
Costa, HS & Robb, KL (1999): Effects of ultraviolet-absorbing greenhouse plastic films on flight behavior of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 92 (3): 557-562.
Costa, HS, Robb, KL & Wilen, CA (2002): Field trials measuring the effects of ultraviolet-absorbing greenhouse plastic films on insect populations. - Journal of Economic Entomology 95 (1): 113-120.
Coutts, BA & Jones, RAC (2005): Suppressing spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus by drenching infected source or healthy recipient plants with neonicotinoid insecticides to control thrips vectors. - Annals of Applied Biology 146 (1): 95-103.
Coutts, BA, Thomas-Carroll, ML & Jones, RAC (2004): Patterns of spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus in field crops of lettuce and pepper: spatial dynamics and validation of control measures. - Annals of Applied Biology 145 (2): 231-245.
Cox, PD, Matthews, L, Jacobson, RJ, Cannon, R, MacLeod, A & Walters, KFA (2006): Potential for the use of biological agents for the control of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) outbreaks. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 16 (9): 871-891.
Crescenzi, A, Nuzzaci, M, Destradis, A, Comes, S & Piazzolla, P (1996): Characterisation of a new virus from escarole. - Annals of Applied Biology 128 (1): 65-75.
Culbreath, AK, Todd, JW & Brown, SL (2003): Epidemiology and management of tomato spotted wilt in peanut. - Annual Review of Phytopathology 41: 53-75.
Culbreath, AK, Todd, JW, Demski, JW & Chamberlin, JR (1996): Disease progress of tomato spotted wilt virus in selected peanut cultivars and advanced breeding lines. - Plant Diseases 80 (1): 70-73.
Culbreath, AK, Todd, JW, Gorbet, DW, Shokes, FM & Pappu, HR (1997): Field response of new peanut cultivar UF 91108 to tomato spotted wilt virus. - Plant Disease 81 (12): 1410-1415.
Cuthbertson, AGS, Head, J, Walters, KFA & Murray, AWA (2003): The integrated use of chemical insecticides and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, for the control of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. - Nematology 5: 713-720.
Cuthbertson, AGS, Walters, KFA & Northing, P (2005): The susceptibility of immature stages of Bemisia tabaci to the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium on tomato and verbena foliage. - Mycopathologia 159 (1): 23-29.
Dagli, F & Tunc, I (2007): Insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) collected from horticulture and cotton in Turkey. - Australian Journal of Entomology 46: 320-324.
Daiber, KC (1992): Insects and Nematodes that attack cole crops in Southern Africa - a Research Review. - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 99 (4): 430-440.
Dallai, R, Delbene, G & Lupetti, P (1996): Fine structure of spermatheca and accessory gland of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 25 (3): 317-330.
Dallai, R, Delbene, G & Lupetti, P (1997): Fine structure of the male reproductive organs of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera:Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 26 (2): 97-112.
Dallai, R, Delbene, G & Marchini, D (1991): The Ultrastructure of Malpighian tubules and hindgut of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 20 (4-5): 223-233.
Daughtrey, ML, Jones, RK, Moyer, JW, Daub, ME & Baker, JR (1997): Tospoviruses strike the greenhouse industry - INSV has become a major pathogen on flower crops. - Plant Disease 81 (11): 1220-1230.
Davidson, MM, Butler, RC & Teulon, DAJ (2006): Starvation period and age affect the response of female Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) to odor and visual cues. - Journal of Insect Physiology 52 (7): 729-736.
Davidsonz, MM, Perry, NB, Larsen, L, Green, VC, Butler, RC & Teulon, DAJ (2008): 4-pyridyl carbonyl compounds as thrips lures: Effectiveness for western flower thrips in Y-tube bioassays. - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (15): 6554-6561.
Davies, FT, HE, CJ, Chau, A, Spiers, JD & Heinz, KM (2005): Fertiliser application affects susceptibility of chrysanthemum to western flower thrips - abundance and influence on plant growth, photosynthesis and stomatal, conductance. - Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 80 (4): 403-412.
De Assis, FM, Deom, CA & Sherwood, JL (2004): Acquisition of Tomato spotted wilt virus by adults of two thrips species. - Phytopathology 94 (4): 333-336.
De Assis, FM, Naidu, RA, Deom, CM & Sherwood, JL (2002): Dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus replication in the alimentary canal of two thrips species. - Phytopathology 92 (7): 729-733.
De Assis, FM, Stavisky, J, Reitz, SR, Deom, CM & Sherwood, JL (2005): Midgut infection by tomato spotted wilt virus and vector incompetence of Frankliniella tritici. - Journal of Applied Entomology 129 (9-10): 548-550.
De Borbon, CM (2007): A key for the identification of second instar larvae of some common thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). Mendoza, Argentina. - Revista De La Facultad De Ciencias Agrarias 39 (1): 69-81.
De Borbon, CM, Gracia, O & Piccolo, R (2006): Relationships between tospovirus incidence and thrips populations on tomato in Mendoza, Argentina. - Journal of Phytopathology 154 (2): 93-99.
De Bruijn, PJA, Egas, M, Janssen, A & Sabelis, MW (2006): Pheromone-induced priming of a defensive response in western flower thrips. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 32 (7): 1599-1603.
De Kogel, WJ, Bosco, D, Van Der Hoek, M & Mollema, C (1999): Effect of host plant on body size of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and its correlation with reproductive capacity. - European Journal of Entomology 96 (4): 365-368.
De Kogel, WJ, Van Der Hoek, M, Dik, MTA, Van Dijken, FR & Mollema, C (1998): Variation in performance of western flower thrips populations on a susceptible and a partially resistant chrysanthemum cultivar. - Euphytica 103 (2): 181-186.
De Kogel, WJ & Van Deventer, P (2003): Intraspecific attraction in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis; indications for a male sex pheromone. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 107 (1): 87-89.
De Medeiros, RB, Figueiredo, J, Resende, RD & DE Avila, AC (2005): Expression of a viral polymerase-bound host factor turns human cell lines permissive to a plant- and insect-infecting virus. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (4): 1175-1180.
De Villiers, M & Pringle, KL (2007): Seasonal occurrence of vine pests in commercially treated vineyards in the Hex River Valley in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. - African Entomology 15 (2): 241-260.
De Vries, EJ, Breeuwer, JAJ, Jacobs, G & Mollema, C (2001): The association of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, with a near Erwinia species gut bacteria: Transient or permanent? - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77 (2): 120-128.
De Vries, EJ, Jacobs, G & Breeuwer, JAJ (2001): Growth and transmission of gut bacteria in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77 (2): 129-137.
De Vries, EJ, Jacobs, G, Sabelis, MW, Menken, SBJ & Breeuwer, JAJ (2004): Diet-dependent effects of gut bacteria on their insect host: the symbiosis of Erwinia sp and western flower thrips. - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 271 (1553): 2171-2178.
De Vries, EJ, Van Der Wurff, AWG, Jacobs, G & Breeuwer, JAJ (2008): Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, have gut bacteria that are closely related to the symbionts of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Insect Science 8.
De Vries, EJ, Vos, RA, Jacobs, G & Breeuwer, HAJ (2006): Western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) preference for thrips-damaged leaves over fresh leaves enables uptake of symbiotic gut bacteria. - European Journal of Entomology 103 (4): 779-786.
Deangelis, JD, Sether, DM & Rossignol, PA (1993): Survival, Development, and Reproduction in Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) Exposed to Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus. - Environmental Entomology 22 (6): 1308-1312.
Deangelis, JD, Sether, DM & Rossignol, PA (1994): Transmission of Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus in Peppermint by Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (1): 197-201.
Dehaan, P, Gielen, JJL, Prins, M, Wijkamp, IG, Vanschepen, A, Peters, D, Vangrinsven, MQJ, M & Goldbach, R (1992): Characterization of RNA-Mediated Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in transgenic tobacco plants. - Bio-Technology 10 (10): 1133-1137.
Dejager, CM, Butot, RPT, Dejong, TJ, Klinkhamer, PGL & Vandermeijden, E (1993): Population-growth and survival of Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on different Chrysanthemum cultivars - 2 methods for measuring resistance. - Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie 115 (5): 519-525.
DeJager, CM, Butot, RPT, Klinkhamer, PGL, deJong, TJ, Wolff, K & van der Meijden, E (1995): Genetic variation in chrysanthemum for resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 77 (3): 277-287.
Dejager, CM, Butot, RPT, Klinkhamer, PGL & Vandermeijden, E (1995): Chemical characteristics of Chrysanthemum cause resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (6): 1746-1753.
Dejager, CM, Butot, RPT, Uiterdijk, MEC & Vandermeijden, E (1997): Environmental influences on feeding damage caused by western flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to chrysanthemum. - Journal of Economic Entomology 90 (1): 188-194.
Dejager, CM, Butot, RPT, Vandermeijden, E & Verpoorte, R (1996): The role of primary and secondary metabolites in chrysanthemum resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 22 (11): 1987-1999.
Dekogel, WJ, Balkemaboomstra, A, Vanderhoek, M, Zijlstra, S & Mollema, C (1997): Resistance to western flower thrips in greenhouse cucumber: Effect of leaf position and plant age on thrips reproduction. - Euphytica 94 (1): 63-67.
Dekogel, WJ, van der Hoek, M, Dik, MTA, Gebala, B, vanDijken, FR & Mollema, C (1997): Seasonal variation in resistance of chrysanthemum cultivars to Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). - Euphytica 97 (3): 283-288.
Dekogel, WJ, Vanderhoek, M & Mollema, C (1997): Oviposition preference of western flower thrips for cucumber leaves from different positions along the plant stem. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 82 (3): 283-288.
Dekogel, WJ, Vanderhoek, M & Mollema, C (1997): Variation in performance of western flower thrips populations on susceptible and partially resistant cucumber. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 83 (1): 73-80.
Delbene, G, Dallai, R & Marchini, D (1991): Ultrastructure of the midgut and the adhering tubular salivary-glands of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 20 (1-2): 15-24.
Deligeorgidis, PN (2002): Predatory effect of Orius niger (Wolff) (Hem., Anthocoridae) an Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysan., Thripidae). - Journal of Applied Entomology 126 (2-3): 82-85.
Deligeorgidis, PN, Athanassiou, CG & Kavallieratos, NG (2002): Seasonal abundance, spatial distribution and sampling indices of thrip populations on cotton; a 4-year survey from central Greece. - Journal of Applied Entomology 126 (7-8): 343-348.
Deligeorgidis, PN & Ipsilandis, CG (2004): Determination of soil depth inhabited by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysan., Thripidae) under greenhouse cultivation. - Journal of Applied Entomology 128 (2): 108-111.
Delphia, CM, Mescher, MC & DE Moraes, CM (2007): Induction of plant volatiles by herbivores with different feeding habits and the effects of induced defenses on host-plant selection by thrips. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 33 (5): 997-1012.
Den Belder, E, Valcheva, RI & Guldemond, JA (1999): Increased damage by western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis in chrysanthemum intercropped with subterranean clover. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 91 (2): 275-285.
Diaz, BM, Biurrun, R, Moreno, A, Nebreda, M & Fereres, A (2006): Impact of ultraviolet-blocking plastic films on insect vectors of virus diseases infesting crisp lettuce. - Hortscience 41 (3): 711-716.
Dietzgen, RG, Twin, J, Talty, J, Selladurai, S, Carroll, ML, Coutts, BA, Berryman, DI & Jones, RAC (2005): Genetic variability of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Australia and validation of real time RT-PCR for its detection in single and bulked leaf samples. - Annals of Applied Biology 146 (4): 517-530.
Diez, MJ, Rosello, S, Nuez, F, Costa, J, Lacasa, A & Catala, MS (1999): Tomato production under mesh reduces crop loss to tomato spotted wilt virus in some cultivars. - Hortscience 34 (4): 634-637.
Dillon, RJ & Dillon, VM (2004): The gut bacteria of insects: Nonpathogenic interactions. - Annual Review of Entomology 49: 71-92.
Doederlein, TA & Sites, RW (1993): Host-Plant preferences of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) for onions and associated weeds on the southern high-plains. - Journal of Economic Entomology 86 (6): 1706-1713.
Donohue, KV, Bures, BL, Bourham, MA & Roe, M (2008): Effects of temperature and molecular oxygen on the use of atmospheric pressure plasma as a novel method for insect control. - Journal of Economic Entomology 101 (2): 302-308.
Donohue, KV, Bures, BL, Bourham, MA & Roe, RM (2006): Mode of action of a novel nonchemical method of insect control: Atmospheric pressure plasma discharge. - Journal of Economic Entomology 99 (1): 38-47.
Doukas, D & Payne, CC (2007): The use of ultraviolet-blocking films in insect pest management in the UK; effects on naturally occurring arthropod pest and natural enemy populations in a protected cucumber crop. - Annals of Applied Biology 151 (2): 221-231.
Dublon, IAN, Hamilton, JGC & Kirk, WDJ (2007): Development of a laboratory bioassay to test flight responses to semiochemicals in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Journal of Insect Science 7.
Durant, JA, Roof, ME & Cole, CL (1994): Early-season incidence of thrips (Thysanoptera) on wheat, cotton, and 3 wild host-plant species in South-Carolina. - Journal of Agricultural Entomology 11 (1): 61-71.
Dymock, JJ & Holder, PW (1996): Nationwide survey of arthropods and molluscs on cut flowers in New Zealand. - New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 24 (3): 249-257.
Ebert, TA, Derksen, RC, Downer, RA & Krause, CR (2004): Comparing greenhouse sprayers: the dose-transfer process. - Pest Management Science 60 (5): 507-513.
Ebssa, L, Borgemeister, C, Berndt, O & Poehling, HM (2001): Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 78 (3): 119-127.
Ebssa, L, Borgemeister, C, Berndt, O & Poehling, HM (2001): Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on different soil-dwelling stages of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), in the laboratory and under semi-field conditions. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 11 (4): 515-525.
Ebssa, L, Borgemeister, C & Poehling, HM (2004): Effectiveness of different species/strains of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) at various concentrations, host densities, and temperatures. - Biological Control 29 (1): 145-154.
Ebssa, L, Borgemeister, C & Poehling, HM (2004): Effects of post-application irrigation and substrate moisture on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 112 (1): 65-72.
Ebssa, L, Borgemeister, C & Poehling, HM (2006): Simultaneous application of entomopatho genic nematodes and predatory mites to control western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Biological Control 39 (1): 66-74.
Ebssa, L, Borgemeister, C, Semrau, J & Poehling, HM (2004): Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis at different pupation depths. - Nematology 6: 495-505.
Eckel, CS, Cho, KJ, Walgenbach, JF, Kennedy, GG & Moyer, JW (1996): Variation in thrips species composition in field crops and implications for tomato spotted wilt epidemiology in North Carolina. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 78 (1): 19-29.
Emmert, CJ, Mizell, RF, Andersen, PC, Frank, JH & Stimac, JL (2008): Effects of contrasting diets and temperatures on reproduction and prey consumption by Proprioseiopsis asetus (Acari : Phytoseiidae). - Experimental and Applied Acarology 44 (1): 11-26.
Enkegaard, A & Brodsgaard, HF (2000): Lasioseius fimetorum: a soil-dwelling predator of glasshouse pests ? - Biocontrol 45 (3): 285-293.
Erler, F & Tunc, I (2005): Monoterpenoids as fumigants against greenhouse pests: toxic, development and reproduction-inhibiting effects. - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 112 (2): 181-192.
Espinosa, PJ, Bielza, P, Contreras, J & Lacasa, A (2002): Field and laboratory selection of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) for resistance to insecticides. - Pest Management Science 58 (9): 920-927.
Espinosa, PJ, Bielza, P, Contreras, J & Lacasa, A (2002): Insecticide resistance in field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in Murcia (south-east Spain). - Pest Management Science 58 (9): 967-971.
Espinosa, PJ, Contreras, J, Quinto, V, Gravalos, C, Fernandez, E & Bielza, P (2005): Metabolic mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). - Pest Management Science 61 (10): 1009-1015.
Faircloth, JC, Bradley, JR & Van Duyn, JW (2002): Effect of insecticide treatments and environmental factors on thrips populations, plant growth and yield of cotton. - Journal of Entomological Science 37 (4): 308-316.
Faircloth, JC, Bradley, JR, Van Duyn, JW & Groves, RL (2001): Reproductive success and damage potential of tobacco thrips and western flower thrips on cotton seedlings in a greenhouse environment. - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 18 (3): 179-185.
Fan, YQ & Petitt, FL (1994): Biological-Control of Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), by Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes on Pepper. - Biological Control 4 (4): 390-395.
Fang, J, Kritzman, A, Yonash, N, Gera, A, Pollak, N & Lavi, U.(2005): Genetic variation of thrips populations assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 98 (3): 351-358.
Faraji, F, Janssen, A & Sabelis, MW (2001): Predatory mites avoid ovipositing near counterattacking prey. - Experimental and Applied Acarology 25 (8): 613-623.
Faraji, F, Janssen, A & Sabelis, MW (2002): Oviposition patterns in a predatory mite reduce the risk of egg predation caused by prey. - Ecological Entomology 27 (6): 660-664.
Farrar, JJ & Davis, RM (1991): Relationships among ear morphology, Western Flower Thrips, and Fusarium Ear Rot of Corn. - Phytopathology 81 (6): 661-666.
Felland, CM, Hull, LA, Teulon, DAJ & Cameron, EA (1993): Overwintering of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in Pennsylvania. - Canadian Entomologist 125 (5): 971-973.
Felland, CM, Teulon, DAJ, Hull, LA & Polk, DF (1995): Distribution and Management of Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on Nectarine in the Mid-Atlantic Region. - Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (4): 1004-1011.
Fery, RL & Schalk, JM (1991): Resistance in Pepper (Capsicum-Annuum-L) to Western Flower Thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)]. - Hortscience 26 (8): 1073-1074.
Fiedler, Z & Sosnowska, D (2007): Nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson is also a biological agent for control of greenhouse insects and mite pests. - Biocontrol 52 (4): 547-558.
Forcioli, D, Frey, B & Frey, JF (2002): High nucleotide diversity in the para-like voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene sequence in the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 95 (4): 838-848.
Frank, WA & Huber, RT (1987): Seasonal Population Trends and Damage Associated with Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, (Thysanoptera Thripidae) on Arizona Pistachios. - Southwestern Entomologist 12 (4): 299-303.
Frei, A, GU, HN, Bueno, JM, Cardona, C & Dorn, S (2003): Antixenosis and antibiosis of common beans to Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 96 (5): 1577-1584.
Frescata, C & Mexia, A (1996): Biological control of thrips (Thysanoptera) by Orius laevigatus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in organically-grown strawberries. - Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 13 (2): 141-148.
Frey, JE, Cortada, RV & Helbling, H (1994): The potential of flower odors for use in population monitoring of Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Perg (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Biocontrol Science and Technology 4 (2): 177-186.
Funderburk, J, Mound, L & Sharma, J (2007): Thysanoptera inhabiting native terrestrial orchids in northern Florida and southern Georgia. - Journal of Entomological Science 42 (4): 573-581.
Funderburk, J, Stavisky, J & Olson, S (2000): Predation of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in field peppers by Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae). - Environmental Entomology 29 (2): 376-382.
Gabarra, R, Castane, C & Albajes, R (1995): The mirid bug Dicyphus tamaninii as a greenhouse whitefly and western flower thrips predator on cucumber. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 5 (4): 475-488.
Garzo, EI, Diaz, B & Fereres, A (2001): Evaluation of fipronil for controlling the transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 108 (1): 62-65.
Gaum, WG, Giliomee, JH & Pringle, KL (1994): Life-History and Life-Tables of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), on English Cucumbers. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 84 (2): 219-224.
Gaum, WG, Giliomee, JH & Pringle, KL (1994): Resistance of some rose cultivars to the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Bulletin of Entomological Research 84 (4): 487-492.
Genda, Y, Tsuda, S, Nunomura, O & Ito, T (2008): Development of an assay system using thrips-mediated inoculation to evaluate resistance of Capsicum spp. to Tomato spotted wilt virus. - Journal of General Plant Pathology 74 (2): 171-175.
Gerin, C, Hance, T & Van Impe, G (1999): Impact of flowers an the demography of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysan., Thripidae). - Journal of Applied Entomology 123 (9): 569-574.
Gerin, C, Hance, T & Van Impe, G (1994): Demographic Parameters of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Applied Entomology 118 (4-5): 370-377.
German, TL, Ullman, DE & Moyer, JW (1992): Tospoviruses - Diagnosis, Molecular-Biology, Phylogeny, and Vector Relationships. - Annual Review of Phytopathology 30: 315-348.
Gerritsen, LJM, Georgieva, J & Wiegers, GL (2005): Oral toxicity of Photorhabdus toxins against thrips species. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 88 (3): 207-211.
Gerson, U & Weintraub, PG (2007): Mites for the control of pests in protected cultivation. - Pest Management Science 63 (7): 658-676.
Ghidiu, GM, Hitchner, EM & Funderburk, JE (2006): Goldfleck damage to tomato fruit caused by feeding of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Florida Entomologist 89 (2): 279-281.
Giliomee, JH (1989): 1st Record of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from South-Africa. - Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 52 (1): 179-180.
Gillespie, DR & Quiring, DJM (1992): Competition between Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) feeding on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Canadian Entomologist 124 (6): 1123-1128.
Gillespie, DR & Quiring, DMJ (1990): Biological-Control of Fungus Gnats, Bradysia Spp (Diptera, Sciaridae), and Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), in greenhouses using a soil-dwelling predatory mite, Geolaelaps Sp Nr aculeifer (Canestrini) (Acari, Laelapidae). - Canadian Entomologist 122 (9-10): 975-983.
Gindin, G, Barash, I, Harari, N & Raccah, B (1994): Effect of Endotoxic Compounds Isolated from Verticillium lecanii on the Sweet-Potato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. - Phytoparasitica 22 (3): 189-196.
Gitaitis, RD, Walcott, RR, Wells, ML, Perez, JCD & Sanders, FH (2003): Transmission of Pantoea ananatis, causal agent of center rot of onion, by tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca. - Plant Disease 87 (6): 675-678.
Gitonga, LM, Lohr, B, Overholt, WA, Magambo, JK & Mueke, JM (2002): Temperature-dependent development of Megalurothrips sjostedti and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - African Entomology 10 (2): 325-331.
Gitonga, LM, Overholt, WA, Lohr, B, Magambo, JK & Mueke, JM (2002): Functional response of Orius albidipennis (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) to Megalurothrips sjostedti (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Biological Control 24 (1): 1-6.
Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1994): Possible Causes of the Emergence of Tospovirus Diseases. - Seminars in Virology 5 (2): 113-120.
Golebiowski, M, Malinski, E, Nawrot, J, Szafranek, J & Stepnowski, P (2007): Identification of the cuticular lipid composition of the Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 147 (2): 288-292.
Gonzalez-Zamora, JE & Garcia-Mari, F (2003): The efficiency of several sampling methods for Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysan., Thripidae) in strawberry flowers. - Journal of Applied Entomology 127 (9-10): 516-521.
Greber, RS, Teakle, DS & Mink, GI (1992): Thrips-facilitated transmission of Prune Dwarf and Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Viruses from cherry pollen to cucumber. - Plant Disease 76 (10): 1039-1041.
Geenough, DR, Black, LL, Story, RN, Newsom, LD & Bond, WP (1985): Occurrence of Frankliniella occidentalis in Louisiana - a possible cause for the increased incidence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. - Phytopathology 75 (11): 1362-1362.
Grenier, AM, Duport, G, Pages, S, Condemine, G & Rahbe, Y (2006): The phytopathogen Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) is a pathogen of the pea aphid. - Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (3): 1956-1965.
Grove, T, Giliomee, JH & Pringle, KL (2001): Thrips (Thysanoptera) species associated with mango trees in South Africa. - African Entomology 9 (2): 153-162.
Groves, RL, Walgenbach, JF, Moyer, JW & Kennedy, GG (2001): Overwintering of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on winter annual weeds infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus and patterns of virus movement between susceptible weed hosts. - Phytopathology 91 (9): 891-899.
Groves, RL, Walgenbach, JF, Moyer, JW & Kennedy, GG (2002): The role of weed hosts and tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, in the epidemiology of Tomato spotted wilt virus. - Plant Disease 86 (6): 573-582.
Groves, RL, Walgenbach, JF, Moyer, JW & Kennedy, GG (2003): Seasonal dispersal patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and tomato spotted wilt virus occurrence in central and eastern North Carolina. - Journal of Economic Entomology 96 (1): 1-11.
Grundschober, A, Freimoser, FM, Tuor, U & Aebi, M (2001): In vitro spore formation and completion of the asexual life cycle of Neozygites parvispora, an obligate biotrophic pathogen of thrips. - Microbiological Research 156 (3): 247-257.
Guerrasobrevilla, L (1989): Effectiveness of Aldicarb in the control of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in table grapes in Northwestern Mexico. - Crop Protection 8 (4): 277-279.
Hamilton, BK, Pike, LM, Sparks, AN, Bender, DA, Jones, RW, Candeia, J & de Franca, G (1999): Heritability of thrips resistance in the 'IPA-3' onion cultivar in South Texas. - Euphytica 109 (2): 117-122.
Hamilton, JGC, Hall, DR & Kirk, WDJ (2005): Identification of a male-produced aggregation pheromone in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (6): 1369-1379.
Hansen, EA, Funderburk, JE, Reitz, SR, Ramachandran, S, Eger, JE, McAuslane, H (2003): Within-plant distribution of Frankliniella species (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) in field pepper. - Environmental Entomology 32 (5): 1035-1044.
Hansen, JD (2001): Ultrasound treatments to control surface pests of fruit. - Horttechnology 11 (2): 186-188.
Hao, X, Shipp, JL, Wang, K, Papadopoulos, AP & Binns, MR (2002): Impact of western flower thrips on growth, photosynthesis and productivity of greenhouse cucumber. - Scientia Horticulturae 92 (3-4): 187-203.
Hara, AH, Hata, TY, Tenbrink, VL & Hu, BKS (1995): Postharvest treatments against Western Flower Thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] and Melon Thrips (Thrips palmi Karny) on Orchids. - Annals of Applied Biology 126 (3): 403-415.
Harrewijn, P, Piron, PGM & Mollema, C (1996): Electrically recorded probing behaviour of thrips species on optimal and suboptimal hosts. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80 (1): 43-45.
Harrewijn, P, Tjallingii, WF & Mollema, C (1996): Electrical recording of plant penetration by western power thrips. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 79 (3): 345-353.
Hata, TY, Hara, AH, Hu, BKS, Kaneko, RT & Tenbrink, VL (1993): Field sprays and insecticidal dips after harvest for Pest-Management of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on Orchids. - Journal of Economic Entomology 86 (5): 1483-1489.
Head, J, Walters, KFA & Langton, S (2002): Utilisation of morphological features in life table studies of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Dipt., Agromyzidae) developing in lettuce. - Journal of Applied Entomology 126 (7-8): 349-354.
Heagle, AS (2003): Influence of elevated carbon dioxide on interactions between Frankliniella occidentalis and Trifolium repens. - Environmental Entomology 32 (3): 421-424.
Heinz, KM, Parrella, MP & Newman, JP (1992): Time-efficient use of yellow sticky traps in monitoring insect populations. - Journal of Economic Entomology 85 (6): 2263-2269.
Held, DW, Potter, DA, Gates, RS & Anderson, RG (2001): Modified atmosphere treatments as a potential disinfestation technique for arthropod pests in greenhouses. - Journal of Economic Entomology 94 (2): 430-438.
Helyer, NL & Brobyn, PJ (1992): Chemical Control of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande). - Annals of Applied Biology 121 (2): 219-231.
Helyer, NL, Brobyn, PJ, Richardson, PN & Edmondson, RN (1995): Control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) pupae in compost. - Annals of Applied Biology 127 (3): 405-412.
Henaut, Y, Alauzet, C & Lambin, M (2002): Effects of starvation on the search path characteristics of Orius majusculus (Reuter) (Het., Anthocoridae). - Journal of Applied Entomology 126 (9): 501-503.
Herrin, B & Warnock, D (2002): Resistance of impatiens germplasm to western flower thrips feeding damage. - Hortscience 37 (5): 802-804.
Herron, G, Broughton, S & Clift, A (2007): Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) chemical control: residues associated with the three consecutive spray strategy. - Australian Journal of Entomology 46: 146-151.
Herron, GA & Cook, DF (2002): Initial verification of the resistance management strategy for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in Australia. - Australian Journal of Entomology 41: 187-191.
Herron, GA & James, TM (2005): Monitoring insecticide resistance in Australian Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) detects fipronil and spinosad resistance. - Australian Journal of Entomology 44: 299-303.
Herron, GA, Rophail, J & Gullick, GC (1996): Laboratory-based, insecticide efficacy studies on field-collected Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and implications for its management in Australia. - Australian Journal of Entomology 35: 161-164.
Hetsch, N, Sermann, H & Shternshis, MV (2002): The virulence of Lecanicillium lecanii isolates of different origin towards Frankliniella occidentalis larvae. - Mikologiya I Fitopatologiya 36 (5): 91-94.
Higgins, CJ (1992): Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in Greenhouses - Population-Dynamics, Distribution on Plants, and Associations with Predators. - Journal of Economic Entomology 85 (5): 1891-1903.
Higgins, CJ & Myers, JH (1992): Sex-Ratio patterns and population-dynamics of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Environmental Entomology 21 (2): 322-330.
Hoddle, MS, Robinson, L & Morgan, D (2002): Attraction of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae and Aeolothripidae) to colored sticky cards in a California avocado orchard. - Crop Protection 21 (5): 383-388.
Hogendorp, BK & Cloyd, RA (2006): Insect management in floriculture: How important is sanitation in avoiding insect problems? - Horttechnology 16 (4): 633-636.
Hollingsworth, RG & Armstrong, JW (2005): Potential of temperature, controlled atmospheres, and ozone fumigation to control thrips and mealybugs on ornamental plants for export. - Journal of Economic Entomology 98 (2): 289-298.
Hollingsworth, RG, Sewake, KT & Armstrong, JW (2002): Scouting methods for detection of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on dendrobium orchids in Hawaii. - Environmental Entomology 31 (3): 523-532.
Hristova, D, Karadjova, O, Yankulova, M, Heinze, C & Adam, G (2001): A survey of Tospoviruses in Bulgaria. - Journal of Phytopathology 149 (11-12): 745-749.
Hughes, L & Bazzaz, FA (1997): Effect of elevated CO2 on interactions between the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. - Oecologia 109 (2): 286-290.
Hulshof, J, Ketoja, E & Vanninen, I (2003): Life history characteristics of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber leaves with and without supplemental food. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 108 (1): 19-32.
Hunter, WB & Hsu, HT (1996): Formulation of an insect medium for thrips monolayer cell cultures (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Frankliniella occidentalis). - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 67 (2): 125-128.
Hunter, WB, Hsu, HT & Lawson, RH (1995): A novel method for tospovirus acquisition by thrips. - Phytopathology 85 (4): 480-483.
Hunter, WB & Ullman, DE (1989): Analysis of Mouthpart Movements during Feeding of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Frankliniella schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 18 (2-3): 161-171.
Hunter, WB & Ullman, DE (1992): Anatomy and ultrastructure of the piercing-sucking mouthparts and paraglossal sensilla of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 21 (1): 17-35.
Hunter, WB & Ullman, DE (1994): Precibarial and cibarial chemosensilla in the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 23 (2): 69-83.
Husseini, M, Schumann, K & Sermann, H (1993): Rearing immature feeding stage of Orius majesculus Reut (Het, Anthocoridae) on the Acarid mite Tyrophagus putriscentiae Schr as new alternative prey. - Journal of Applied Entomology 116 (2): 113-117.
Immaraju, JA, Paine, TD, Bethke, JA, Robb, KL & Newman, JP (1992): Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) resistance to insecticides in coastal California greenhouses. - Journal of Economic Entomology 85 (1): 9-14.
Inoue, T & Sakurai, T (2006): Infection of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) shortens the life span of thelytokous Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Applied Entomology and Zoology 41 (2): 239-246.
Inoue, T & Sakurai, T (2007): The phylogeny of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) based on partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase I, 28S ribosomal DNA and elongation factor-1 alpha and the association with vector competence of tospoviruses. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 42 (1): 71-81.
Inoue, T, Sakurai, T, Murai, T & Maeda, T (2004): Specificity of accumulation and transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in two genera, Frankliniella and Thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Bulletin of Entomological Research 94 (6): 501-507.
Irwin, re, Strauss, SY, Storz, S, Emerson, A & Guibert, G (2003): The role of herbivores in the maintenance of a flower color polymorphism in wild radish. - Ecology 84 (7): 1733-1743.
Isayama, S, Saito, S, Kuroda, K, Umeda, K & Kasamatsu, K (2005): Pyridalyl, a novel insecticide: Potency and insecticidal selectivity. - Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 58 (4): 226-233.
Ishaaya, I, Kontsedalov, S & Horowitz, AR (2002): Emamectin, a novel insecticide for controlling field crop pests. - Pest Management Science 58 (11): 1091-1095.
Ishida, H et al. (2003): Effects of temperature and photoperiod on development and oviposition of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Applied Entomology and Zoology 38 (1): 65-68.
Ito, K (2007): A simple mass-rearing method for predaceous Orius bugs in the laboratory. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 42 (4): 573-577.
Jacobson, RJ, Chandler, D, Fenlon, J & Russell, KM (2001): Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin with Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina : Phytoseiidae) to control Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on cucumber plants. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 11 (3): 391-400.
Jacobson, RJ, Croft, P & Fenlon, J (2001): Suppressing establishment of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in cucumber crops by prophylactic release of Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina : Phytoseiidae). - Biocontrol Science and Technology 11 (1): 27-34.
Jagdale, GB, Casey, ML, Canas, L & Grewal, PS (2007): Effect of entomopathogenic nematode species, split application and potting medium on the control of the fungus gnat, Bradysia difformis (Diptera: Sciaridae), in the greenhouse at alternating cold and warm temperatures. - Biological Control 43 (1): 23-30.
Jakobsen, L, Enkegaard, A & Brodsgaard, HF (2004): Interactions between two polyphagous predators, Orius majusculus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) and Macrolophus caliginosus (Heteroptera : Miridae). - Biocontrol Science and Technology 14 (1): 17-24.
James, DG, Price, TS, Wright, LC & Perez, J (2002): Abundance and phenology of mites, leafhoppers, and thrips on pesticide-treated and untreated wine grapes in southcentral Washington. - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 19 (1): 45-54.
Janmaat, AF, De Kogel, WJ & Woltering, EJ (2002): Enhanced fumigant toxicity of p-cymene against Frankliniella occidentalis by simultaneous application of elevated levels of carbon dioxide. - Pest Management Science 58 (2): 167-173.
Janssen, A, Pallini, A, Venzon, M & Sabelis, MW (1998): Behaviour and indirect interactions in food webs of plant-inhabiting arthropods. - Experimental and Applied Acarology 22 (9): 497-521.
Janssen, A, Pallini, A, Venzon, M & Sabelis, MW (1999): Absence of odour-mediated avoidance of heterospecific competitors by the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 92 (1): 73-82.
Jarosik, V, Kolias, M, Lapchin, L, Rochat, J & Dixon, AFG (1997): Seasonal trends in the rate of population increase of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cucumber. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 87 (5): 487-495.
Jasrotia, P & Ben-Yakir, D (2006): An immuno-marking technique for thrips. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 120 (2): 155-160.
Jensen, SE (1998): Acetylcholinesterase activity associated with methiocarb resistance in a strain of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). - Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 61 (3): 191-200.
Jensen, SE (2000): Mechanisms associated with methiocarb resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (2): 464-471.
Jensen, SE & Brodsgaard, HF (2000): Host plant effects on activities of detoxification enzymes and insecticide tolerance in western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta). - Atla-Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 28 (3): 503-508.
Jenser, G (1990): On the occurrence of Frankliniella occidentalis (Perg) under field conditions in Hungary. - Anzeiger Fur Schaedlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 63 (6): 114-116.
Jeon, HY, Kim, HH, Jung, JA, Kang, TJ & Yang, CY (2007): Damage status of poinsettia by the fungus gnat (Bradysia difformis) and US control with predatory mite (Hypoaspis aculeifer). - Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology 25 (4): 468-473.
Jiang, RF, Ma, DY, Zhao, FJ & Mcgrath, SP (2005): Cadmium hyperaccumulation protects Thlaspi caerulescens from leaf feeding damage by thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). - New Phytologist 167 (3): 805-813.
Jin, XX, Streett, DA, Dunlap, CA & Lyn, ME (2008): Application of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) number to optimize a compatible non-ionic surfactant for dried aerial conidia of Beauveria bassiana. - Biological Control 46 (2): 226-233.
Jones, T, Scott-Dupree, C, Harris, R, Shipp, L & Harris, B (2005): The efficacy of spinosad against the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and its impact on associated biological control agents on greenhouse cucumbers in southern Ontario. - Pest Management Science 61 (2): 179-185.
Joost, PH & Riley, DG (2004): Sampling techniques for thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in preflowering tomato. - Journal of Economic Entomology 97 (4): 1450-1454.
Joost, PH & Riley, DG (2005): Imidacloprid effects on probing and settling behavior of Frankliniella fusca and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in tomato. - Journal of Economic Entomology 98 (5): 1622-1629.
Joost, PH & Riley, DG (2008): Tomato plant and leaf age effects on the probing and settling behavior of Frankliniella fusca and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Environmental Entomology 37 (1): 213-223.
Kahn, ND, Walgenbach, TF & Kennedy, GG (2005): Summer weeds as hosts for Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and as reservoirs for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in North Carolina. - Journal of Economic Entomology 98 (6): 1810-1815.
Kang, TJ, Jeon, HY, Yang, CY, Kim, HH & Cho, MR (2007): Development of labor-saving pest management system for cut flower rose cultivation. - Korean Journal of Horticultural Science & Technology 25 (4): 418-424.
Katayama, H (1997): Effect of temperature on development and oviposition of Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). - Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 41 (4): 225-231.
Katayama, H (2005): Damage analysis of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on strawberry plants. - Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 49 (2): 51-56.
Katayama, H (2006): Seasonal prevalence of the occurrence of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on weed hosts growing around ornamental fields. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 41 (1): 93-98.
Kater, MM, Franken, J, Inggamer, H, Gretenkort, M, van Tunen, AJ, Mollema, C & Angenent, GC (2003): The use of floral homeotic mutants as a novel way to obtain durable resistance to insect pests. - Plant Biotechnology Journal 1 (2): 123-127.
Katerinopoulos, HE, Pagona, G, Afratis, A, Stratigakis, N & Roditakis, N (2005): Composition and insect attracting activity of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (1): 111-122.
Kawai, A (2001): Population management of Thrips palmi Karny. - Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 45 (2): 39-59.
Kiers, E, De Kogel, WJ, Balkema-Boomstra, A & Mollema, C (2000): Flower visitation and oviposition behaviour of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysan., Thripidae) on cucumber plants. - Journal of Applied Entomology 124 (1): 27-32.
Kikkert, M, Meurs, C, van de Wetering, F, Dorfmuller, S, Peters, D, Kormelink, R & Goldbach, R (1998): Binding of tomato spotted wilt virus to a 94-kDa thrips protein. - Phytopathology 88 (1): 63-69.
Kindt, F, Joosten, NN, Peters, D & Tjallingii, WF (2003): Characterisation of the feeding behaviour of western flower thrips in terms of electrical penetration graph (EPG) waveforms. - Journal of Insect Physiology 49 (3): 183-191.
Kindt, F, Joosten, NN & Tjallingii, WF (2006): Electrical penetration graphs of thrips revised: Combining DC- and AC-EPG signals. - Journal of Insect Physiology 52 (1): 1-10.
Kirk, WDJ & Hamilton, JGC (2004): Evidence for a male-produced sex pheromone in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 30 (1): 167-174.
Kirk, WDJ & Terry, LI (2003): The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). - Agricultural and Forest Entomology 5 (4): 301-310.
Kohno, K & Kashio, T (1998): Development and prey consumption of Orius sauteri (Poppius) and O. minutus (L) (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) fed on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Applied Entomology and Zoology 33 (2): 227-230.
Kontsedalov, S, Weintraub, PG, Horowitz, AR & Ishaaya, I (1998): Effects of insecticides on immature and adult western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in Israel. - Journal of Economic Entomology 91 (5): 1067-1071.
Koschier, EH (2008): Essential oil compounds for thrips control - A review. - Natural Product Communications 3 (7): 1171-1182.
Koschier, EH, De Kogel, WJ & Visser, JH (2000): Assessing the attractiveness of volatile plant compounds to western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 26 (12): 2643-2655.
Koschier, EH, Hoffmann, D & Riefler, J (2007): Influence of salicylaldehyde and methyl salicylate on post-landing behaviour of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande. - Journal of Applied Entomology 131 (5): 362-367.
Koschier, EH & Sedy, KA (2003): Labiate essential oils affecting host selection and acceptance of Thrips tabaci Lindeman. - Crop Protection 22 (7): 929-934.
Koschier, EH, Sedy, KA & Novak, J (2002): Influence of plant volatiles on feeding damage caused by the onion thrips Thrips tabaci. - Crop Protection 21 (5): 419-425.
Krczal, G, Albouy, J, Damy, I, Kusiak, C, Deogratias, JM, Moreau, JP, Berkelmann, B & Wohanka, W. (1995): Transmission of Pelargonium Flower Break Virus (Pfbv) in irrigation systems and by thrips. - Plant Disease 79 (2): 163-166.
Kritzman, A, Gera, A, Raccah, B, Van Lent, JWM & Peters, D (2002): The route of tomato spotted wilt virus inside the thrips body in relation to transmission efficiency. - Archives of Virology 147 (11): 2143-2156.
Kritzman, A, Lampel, M, Raccah, B & Gera, A (2001): Distribution and transmission of Iris yellow spot virus. - Plant Disease 85 (8): 838-842.
Kuipers, AGJ & Jongsma, MA (2004): Isolation and molecular characterization of cathepsin L-like cysteine protease cDNAs from western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B-Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 139 (1): 65-75.
Kumar, NKK, Ullman, DE & Cho, JJ (1993): Evaluation of Lycopersicon germ plasm for Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus resistance by mechanical and thrips transmission. - Plant Disease 77 (9): 938-941.
Kumar, NKK, Ullman, DE & Cho, JJ (1995): Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) landing and resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus among Lycopersicon accessions with additional comments on Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). - Environmental Entomology 24 (3): 513-520.
Kumar, NKK, Ullman, DE & Cho, JJ (1995): Resistance among Lycopersicon Species to Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (4): 1057-1065.
Kumar, P & Poehling, HM (2006): UV-blocking plastic films and nets influence vectors and virus transmission on greenhouse tomatoes in the humid tropics. - Environmental Entomology 35 (4): 1069-1082.
Kumar, P & Poehling, HM (2007): Effects of azadirachtin, abamectin, and spinosad on sweetpotato whitefly (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) on tomato plants under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in the humid tropics. - Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (2): 411-420.
Larentzaki, E, Powell, G & Copland, MJW (2007): Effect of temperature on development, overwintering and establishment potential of Franklinothrips vespiformis in the UK. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 124 (2): 143-151.
Lash, HE, Warnock, DF & Cloyd, RA (2007): Effect of pesticide mixtures on the survival of the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acarina : Phytoseiidae). - Journal of Entomological Science 42 (3): 311-319.
Latham, LJ & Jones, RAC (1997): Occurrence of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in native flora, weeds, and horticultural crops. - Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48 (3): 359-369.
Latham, LJ & Jones, RAC (1998): Selection of resistance breaking strains of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. - Annals of Applied Biology 133 (3): 385-402.
Latimer, JG & Oetting, RD (1994): Brushing reduces thrips and aphid populations on some greenhouse-grown vegetable transplants. - Hortscience 29 (11): 1279-1281.
Latimer, JG & Oetting, RD (1999): Conditioning treatments affect insect and mite populations on bedding plants in the greenhouse. - Hortscience 34 (2): 235-238.
Leggett, JE (1992): The Influence of Ulv Malathion, applied for Boll-Weevil Control, on other pest and beneficial species in Arizona Cotton Fields 1989-90. - Southwestern Entomologist 17 (1): 49-61.
Leggett, JE (1993): Comparison of Arthropods sampled from cultivars of Upland and Pima Cotton with drip and furrow irrigation. - Southwestern Entomologist 18 (1): 37-43.
Lemmetty, A & Lindqvist, I (1993): Thrips tabaci (Lind) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), another vector for Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in Finland. - Agricultural Science in Finland 2 (2): 189-194.
Letourneau, DK & Altieri, MA (1983): Abundance patterns of a predator, Orius tristicolor (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae), and its prey, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) - Habitat Attraction in Polycultures Versus Monocultures. - Environmental Entomology 12 (5): 1464-1469.
Lewis, T (1973): Thrips their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press Inc., London Ltd. 349 pp.
Lewis, T (1997): Pest thrips in perspective, pp. 1-13. In Lewis, T [ed.] Thrips as Crop Pests. Wallingford, UK: CABI. 740 pp.
Li, CY, Williams, MM, Loh, YT, Lee, GI & Howe, GA (2002): Resistance of cultivated tomato to cell content-feeding herbivores is regulated by the octadecanoid-signaling pathway. - Plant Physiology 130 (1): 494-503.
Lim, UT & Van Driesche, RG (2004): Assessment of augmentative releases of parasitic nematode Thripinema nicklewoodi for control of Frankliniella occidentalis in impatiens bedding plants. - Environmental Entomology 33 (5): 1344-1350.
Lim, UT & Van Driesche, RG (2004): Impatiens necrotic spot virus infection and feeding behavior of nematode-parasitized western flower thrips. - Biological Control 31 (3): 438-444.
Lim, UT & Van Driesche, RG (2004): Population dynamics of nematode transmission in western flower thrips on caged impatiens. - Biological Control 30 (2): 504-510.
Lim, UT & Van Driesche, RG (2005): A new potential host and transmission routes of Thripinema nicklewoodi, an entomogenous nematode of western flower thrips. - Biological Control 33 (1): 49-55.
Lim, UT, Van Driesche, RG & Heinz, KM (2001): Biological attributes of the nematode, Thripinema nicklewood, a potential biological control agent of western flower thrips. - Biological Control 22 (3): 300-306.
Liu, W, Zhao, GY & Knowles, CO (1994): Substrate-specificity and inhibitor sensitivity of cholinesterases in homogenates of Western Flower Thrips. - Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 49 (2): 121-131.
Liu, YB (2007): Ultralow oxygen treatment for postharvest control of western flower thrips on broccoli. - Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (3): 717-722.
Liu, YB (2008): Ultralow oxygen treatment for postharvest control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), on iceberg lettuce I. Effects of temperature, time, and oxygen level on insect mortality and lettuce quality. - Postharvest Biology and Technology 49 (1): 129-134.
Liu, YB (2008): Ultralow oxygen treatment for postharvest control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), on iceberg lettuce II. Effects of pre-treatment storage on lettuce quality. - Postharvest Biology and Technology 49 (1): 135-139.
Loughner, RL, Warnock, DF & Cloyd, RA (2005): Resistance of greenhouse, laboratory, and native populations of western flower thrips to spinosad. - Hortscience 40 (1): 146-149.
Lowry, VK, Smith, JW & Mitchell, FL (1992): Life-fertility tables for Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) and F. occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on Peanut. - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85 (6): 744-754.
Ludwig, S & Oetting, R (2001): Effect of spinosad on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) when used for Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) control on greenhouse pot chrysanthemums. - Florida Entomologist 84 (2): 311-313.
Ludwig, SW, Hoover, K & Berghage, R (2003): Evaluation of medium-applied insect growth regulators against fungus gnats and western flower thrips populations on African violets. - Horttechnology 13 (3): 515-517.
Ludwig, SW & Oetting, RD (2001): Evaluation of medium treatments for management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae : Thysanoptera) and Bradysia coprophila (Diptera : sciaridae). - Pest Management Science 57 (12): 1114-1118.
Ludwig, SW & Oetting, RD (2002): Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana plus insect attractants for enhanced control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Florida Entomologist 85 (1): 270-272.
Lukwinski, AT, Hill, JE, Khachatourians, GG, Hemmingsen, SM & Hegedus, DD (2006): Biochemical and taxonomic characterization of bacteria associated with the crucifer root maggot (Delia radicum). - Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52 (3): 197-208.
Macdonald, KM, Hamilton, JGC, Jacobson, R & Kirk, WDJ (2002): Effects of alarm pheromone on landing and take-off by adult western flower thrips. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 103 (3): 279-282.
Macdonald, KM, Hamilton, JGC, Jacobson, R & Kirk, WDJ (2003): Analysis of anal droplets of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 29 (10): 2385-2389.
Macdonald, OC (1993): Susceptibility of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) to Fumigation with Methyl-Bromide. - Annals of Applied Biology 123 (3): 531-537.
Magalhaes, S, Janssen, A, Montserrat, M & Sabelis, MW (2005): Host-plant species modifies the diet of an omnivore feeding on three trophic levels. - Oikos 111 (1): 47-56.
Magalhaes, S, Van Rijn, PCJ, Montserrat, M, Pallini, A & Sabelis, MW (2007): Population dynamics of thrips prey and their mite predators in a refuge. - Oecologia 150 (4): 557-568.
Malipatil, MB, Postle, AC, Osmelak, JA, Hill, M & Moran, J (1993): 1st Record of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in Australia (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32: 378-378.
Maniania, NK, Ekesi, S, Lohr, B & Mwangi, F (2002): Prospects for biological control of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, with the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, on chrysanthemum. - Mycopathologia 155 (4): 229-235.
Maniania, NK, Sithanantham, S, Ekesi, S, Ampong-Nyarko, K, Baumgartner, J, Lohr, B & Matoka, CM (2003): A field trial of the entomogenous fungus Metarhizium anisopliae for control of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci. - Crop Protection 22 (3): 553-559.
Marchoux, G, Gebreselassie, K & Villevieille, M (1991): Detection of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and Transmission by Frankliniella occidentalis in France. - Plant Pathology 40 (3): 347-351.
Maris, PC, Joosten, NN, Goldbach, RW & Peters, D (2003): Restricted spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus in thrips-resistant pepper. - Phytopathology 93 (10): 1223-1227.
Maris, PC, Joosten, NN, Goldbach, RW & Peters, D (2004): Decreased preference and reproduction, and increased mortality of Frankliniella occidentalis on thrips-resistant pepper plants. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 113 (3): 149-155.
Maris, PC, Joosten, NN, Goldbach, RW & Peters, D (2004): Tomato spotted wilt virus infection improves host suitability for its vector Frankliniella occidentalis. - Phytopathology 94 (7): 706-711.
Maris, PC, Joosten, NN, Peters, D & Goldbach, RW (2003): Thrips resistance in pepper and its consequences for the acquisition and inoculation of Tomato spotted wilt virus by the western flower thrips. - Phytopathology 93 (1): 96-101.
Martin, NA, Workman, PJ & Butler, RC (2005): Insecticide bioassays for western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae). - New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 33 (2): 177-184.
Martinez, DLO, Zavaleta-Mejia, E, Mora-Aguilera, G & Johansen, RM (1999):Implications of weed composition and thrips species for the epidemiology of tomato spotted wilt in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora). - Plant Pathology 48 (6): 707-717.
Mason, G, Roggero, P & Tavella, L (2003): Detection of Tomato spotted wilt virus in its vector Frankliniella occidentalis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. - Journal of Virological Methods 109 (1): 69-73.
Mason, JM & Heinz, KM (2002): Biology of Thripinema nicklewoodi (Tylenchida), an obligate Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera) parasite. - Journal of Nematology 34 (4): 332-339.
Matos, B & Obrycki, JJ (2004): Potential sources of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in Iowa. - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 21 (1): 1-8.
Matteson, N, Terry, I, Ascolichristensen, A & Gilbert, C (1992): Spectral efficiency of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Insect Physiology 38 (6): 453-459.
Matteson, NA & Terry, LI (1992): Response to Color by Male and Female Frankliniella occidentalis during Swarming and Non-Swarming Behavior. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 63 (2): 187-201.
Maymo, AC, Cervera, A, Garcera, MD, Bielza, P & Martinez-Pardo, R (2006): Relationship between esterase activity and acrinathrin and methiocarb resistance in field populations of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Pest Management Science 62 (12): 1129-1137.
Maymo, AC, Cervera, A, Sarabia, R, Martinez-Pardo, R & Garcera, MD (2002):Evaluation of metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities and insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis. - Pest Management Science 58 (9): 928-934.
McDonald, JR, Bale, JS & Walters, KFA (1997): Effects of sub-lethal cold stress on the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Annals of Applied Biology 131 (2): 189-195.
McDonald, JR, Bale, JS & Walters, KFA (1997): Low temperature mortality and overwintering of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). - Bulletin of Entomological Research 87 (5): 497-505.
McDonald, JR, Bale, JS & Walters, KFA (1997): Rapid cold hardening in the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Insect Physiology 43 (8): 759-766.
McDonald, JR, Bale, JS & Walters, KFA (1998): Effect of temperature on development of the western flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - European Journal of Entomology 95 (2): 301-306.
McDonald, JR, Bale, JS & Walters, KFA (1999): Temperature, development and establishment potential of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in the United Kingdom. - European Journal of Entomology 96 (2): 169-173.
McDonald, JR, Head, J, Bale, JS & Walters, KFA (2000): Cold tolerance, overwintering and establishment potential of Thrips palmi. - Physiological Entomology 25 (2): 159-166.
Mcintyre, JA, Hopper, DA & Cranshaw, WS (1996): Aluminized fabric deters thrips from entering greenhouses. - Southwestern Entomologist 21 (2): 135-140.
Mckellar, RC, Mcgarvey, BD, Tsao, R, Lu, XW & Knight, KP (2005): Application of the electronic nose to the classification of resistance to western flower thrips in chrysanthemums. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (10): 2439-2450.
McPherson, RM, Beshear, RJ & Culbreath, AK (1992): Seasonal Abundance of Thrips (Thysanoptera, Suborders Terebrantia and Tubulifera) in Georgia flue-cured Tobacco and impact of management-practices on the incidence of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. - Journal of Entomological Science 27 (3): 257-268.
McPherson, RM, Beshear, RJ, Johnson, WC, Martinez-Ochoa, N & Wells, ML (2003): Winter and early-spring survey of thrips vectors and host plants of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in and near a flue-cured tobacco farmscape. - Journal of Entomological Science 38 (4): 660-668.
McPherson, RM, Jones, DC, Bertrand, PF & Csinos, AS (2002): Impact of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) management practices on suppression of tomato spotted wilt virus and aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) control in flue-cured tobacco. - Journal of Entomological Science 37 (2): 143-153.
McPherson, RM, Jones, DC, Pappu, HR & Moore, JM (2003): Reducing the risks of spotted wilt virus in tobacco with selected thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) control practices. - Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology 20 (1): 11-23.
McPherson, RM, Pappu, HR & Jones, DC (1999): Occurrence of five thrips species on flue-cured tobacco and impact on spotted wilt disease incidence in Georgia. - Plant Disease 83 (8): 765-767.
McPherson, RM & Riley, DC (2006): Monitoring thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) presence in flue-cured tobacco using yellow sticky traps. - Journal of Entomological Science 41 (2): 170-178.
Medeiros, RB, Rasochova, L & German, TL (2000): Simplified, rapid method for cloning of virus-binding polypeptides (putative receptors) via the far-Western screening of a cDNA expression library using purified virus particles. - Journal of Virological Methods 86 (2): 155-166.
Medeiros, RB, Resende, RD & De Avila, AC (2004): The plant virus Tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus activates the immune system of its main insect vector, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Virology 78 (10): 4976-4982.
Medeiros, RB, Ullman, DE, Sherwood, JL & German, TL (2000): Immunoprecipitation of a 50-kDa protein: a candidate receptor component for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (Bunyaviridae) in its main vector, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Virus Research 67 (2): 109-118.
Mertelik, J & Mokra, V (1998): Tomato spotted wilt virus in ornamental plants, vegetables and weeds in the Czech Republic. - Acta Virologica 42 (5): 347-351.
Messelink, GJ, van Maanen, R, van Steenpaal, SEF & Janssen, A (2008): Biological control of thrips and whiteflies by a shared predator: Two pests are better than one. - Biological Control 44 (3): 372-379.
Messelink, GJ, van Steenpaal, SEF & Ramakers, PMJ (2006): Evaluation of phytoseiid predators for control of western flower thrips on greenhouse cucumber. - Biocontrol 51 (6): 753-768.
Meyer, SLF & Wergin, WP (1998): Colonization of soybean cyst nematode females, cysts, and gelatinous matrices by the fungus Verticillium lecanii. - Journal of Nematology 30 (4): 436-450.
Milne, JR, Milne, M & Walter, GH (1997): A key to larval thrips (Thysanoptera) from granite belt stonefruit trees and a first description of Pseudanaphothrips achaetus (Bagnall) larvae. - Australian Journal of Entomology 36: 319-326.
Milne, M & Walter, GH (1997): The significance of prey in the diet of the phytophagous thrips, Frankliniella schultzei. - Ecological Entomology 22 (1): 74-81.
Milne, M, Walter, GH & Milne, JR (2002): Mating aggregations and mating success in the flower thrips, Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), and a possible role for pheromones. - Journal of Insect Behavior 15 (3): 351-368.
Milne, M, Walter, GH & Milne, JR (2007): Mating behavior and species status of host-associated populations of the polyphagous thrips, Frankliniella schultzei. - Journal of Insect Behavior 20 (3): 331-346.
Mitcham, EJ, Zhou, SJ & Bikoba, V (1997): Controlled atmospheres for quarantine control of three pests of table grape. - Journal of Economic Entomology 90 (5): 1360-1370.
Mitchell, FL & Smith, JW (1996): Influence of Verbesina encelioides (Asterales: Asteraceae) on thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) populations and tomato spotted wilt virus epidemics in south Texas peanut fields. - Journal of Economic Entomology 89 (6): 1593-1600.
Moffitt, HR (1964): Color Preference of Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Economic Entomology 57 (4): 604-&.
Mollema, C & Cole, RA (1996): Low aromatic amino acid concentrations in leaf proteins determine resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis in four vegetable crops. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 78 (3): 325-333.
Momol, MT, Olson, SM, Funderburk, JE, Stavisky, J & Marois, JJ (2004): Integrated management of tomato spotted wilt on field-grown tomatoes. - Plant Disease 88 (8): 882-890.
Montserrat, M, Castane, C & Santamaria, S (1998): Neozygites parvispora (Zygomycotina : Entomophthorales) causing an epizootic in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on cucumber in Spain. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 71 (2): 165-168.
Morewood, WD & Gilkeson, LA (1991): Diapause induction in the thrips predator Amblyseius cucumeris [Acarina, Phytoseiidae] under Greenhouse Conditions. - Entomophaga 36 (2): 253-263.
Morishita, M (2001): Toxicity of some insecticides to larvae of Flankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) evaluated by the petri dish-spraying tower method. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 36 (1): 137-141.
Morishita, M (2005): Seasonal abundance of the western flower thrips, Flankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Lindeman) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on weeds in persimmon and mandarin orange orchards. - Japanese.
Morishita, M (2008): Pyrethroid-resistant onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), infesting persimmon fruit. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 43 (1): 25-31.
Moritz, G, Kumm, S & Mound, L (2004): Tospovirus transmission depends on thrips ontogeny. Virus Research 100: 143-149.
Moritz G, Morris DC, Mound LA (2001): ThripsID - Pest thrips of the world. ACIAR and CSIRO Publishing Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, CDROM ISBN 1 86320 296 X.
Moritz G, Mound LA, Morris DC, Goldarazena A (2004): Pest thrips of the world - an identification and information system using molecular and microscopial methods. CBIT, University of Queensland,CDROM ISBN 1-86499-781-8.
Morse, JG & Hoddle, MS (2006): Invasion biology of thrips. - Annual Review of Entomology 51: 67-89.
Morsello, SC, Groves, RL, Nault, BA & Kennedy, GG (2008): Temperature and precipitation affect seasonal patterns of dispersing tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) caught on sticky traps. - Environmental Entomology 37 (1): 79-86.
Mound, LA (2002): The Thrips and Frankliniella genus groups: the phylogenetic significance of ctenidia, pp. 379-386. In Marullo, R & Mound, LA [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra., Reggio de Calabria, Italy.
Mound, LA (2004): Australian Thysanoptera - biological diversity and a diversity of studies. - Australian Journal of Entomology 43: 248-257.
Mound, LA (2005): Thysanoptera: Diversity and interactions. - Annual Review of Entomology 50: 247-269.
Mound, LA & Kibby, G (1998): Thysanoptera: An identification guide,  (2nd edition). CAB International, Wallingford and New York, 70pp.
Mound, LA & Marullo, R (1996): The thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Publishers, Gainesville.
Mound, LA, Morison, GD, Pitkin, BR & Palmer, JM (1976): Handbooks for the identification of British insects-Thysanoptera 1(11):1-79. Royal Entomological Society of London.
Mulder, PG, Cole, CL, Karner, MA & Bolte, JR (1991): Seasonal prevalence of the Thysanoptera in an Oklahoma peanut ecosystem and potential for Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. - Southwestern Entomologist 16 (2): 108-116.
Mumford, RA, Barker, I & Wood, KR (1996): The biology of the tospoviruses. - Annals of Applied Biology 128 (1): 159-183.
Murai, T (2000): Effect of temperature on development and reproduction of the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), on pollen and honey solution. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 35 (4): 499-504.
Murai, T (2001): Development and reproductive capacity of Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and its potential as a major pest. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 91 (3): 193-198.
Murai, T (2001): Life history study of Thrips setosus. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 100 (2): 245-251.
Murai, T & Loomans, AJM (2001): Evaluation of an improved method for mass-rearing of thrips and a thrips parasitoid. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 101 (3): 281-289.
Murphy, BC, Adams, J & Parrella, MP (1997): Experimental arena for confining thrips and other small arthropods in the laboratory. - Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73 (1): 4-8.
Musolin, DL, Tsytsulina, K & Ito, K (2004): Photoperiodic and temperature control of reproductive diapause induction in the predatory bug Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) and its implications for biological control. - Biological Control 31 (1): 91-98.
Nagata, T, Almeida, ACL, Resende, RO & de Avila, AC (2004): The competence of four thrips species to transmit and replicate four tospoviruses. - Plant Pathology 53 (2): 136-140.
Nagata, T & de Avila, AC (2000): Transmission of Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, a recently discovered tospovirus, by two thrips species. - Journal of Phytopathology 148 (2): 123-125.
Nagata, T, Inoue-Nagata, AK, Prins, M, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (2000): Impeded thrips transmission of defective Tomato spotted wilt virus isolates. - Phytopathology 90 (5): 454-459.
Nagata, T, Inoue-Nagata, AK, Smid, HM, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1999): Tissue tropism related to vector competence of Frankliniella occidentalis for tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. - Journal of General Virology 80: 507-515.
Nagata, T, Inoue-Nagata, AK, van Lent, J, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (2002): Factors determining vector competence and specificity for transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus. - Journal of General Virology 83: 663-671.
Nagata, T, Storms, MMH, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1997): Multiplication of tomato spotted wilt virus in primary cell cultures derived from two thrips species. - Virus Research 49 (1): 59-66.
Naidu, RA, Ingle, CJ, Deom, CM & Sherwood, JL (2004): The two envelope membrane glycoproteins of Tomato spotted wilt virus show differences in lectin-binding properties and sensitivities to glycosidases. - Virology 319 (1): 107-117.
Naidu, RA, Sherwood, JL & Deom, CM (2008): Characterization of a vector-non-transmissible isolate of Tomato spotted wilt virus. - Plant Pathology 57 (1): 190-200.
Nakahara S (1994): The genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the New World. United States Department of Agriculture. Technical Bulletin 1822: 1–183.
Nakao, S (1999): Life cycle and wing polymorphism of composite thrips, Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford). - Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 43 (1): 13-24.
Nakashima, Y, Uefune, M, Tagashira, E, Maeda, S, Shima, K, Nagai, K, Hirose, Y, Takagi, M (2004): Cage evaluation of augmentative biological control of Thrips palmi with Wollastoniella rotunda in winter greenhouses. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 110 (1): 73-77.
Nasruddin, A & Smitley, DR (1991): Relationship of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) population-density and feeding injury to the frequency of insecticide applications to Gloxinia. - Journal of Economic Entomology 84 (6): 1812-1817.
Natwick, ET, Byers, JA, Chu, CC, Lopez, M & Henneberry, TJ (2007): Early detection and mass trapping of Frankliniella occidentalls and Thrips tabaci in vegetable crops. - Southwestern Entomologist 32 (4): 229-238.
Nault, LR (1997): Arthropod transmission of plant viruses: A new synthesis. - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90 (5): 521-541.
Navas, VES, Funderburk, JE, Beshear, RJ, Olson, SM & Mack, TP (1991): Seasonal patterns of Frankliniella Spp (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in tomato flowers. - Journal of Economic Entomology 84 (6): 1818-1822.
Navas, VES, Funderburk, JE, Mack, TP, Beshear, RJ & Olson, SM (1994): Aggregation indexes and sample-size curves for binomial sampling of flower-inhabiting Frankliniella Species (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on tomato. - Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (6): 1622-1626.
Navas, VES, Funderburk, JE, Olson, SM & Beshear, RJ (1991): Damage to tomato fruit by the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Entomological Science 26 (4): 436-442.
Neal, JW, Buta, JG, Pittarelli, GW, Lusby, WR & Bentz, JA (1994): Novel sucrose esters from Nicotiana gossei - effective biorationals against selected horticultural insect pests. - Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (6): 1600-1607.
Nicholls, CI, Parrella, M & Altieri, MA (2001): The effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard. - Landscape Ecology 16 (2): 133-146.
Nickle, DA (2003): A checklist of commonly intercepted thrips (Thysanoptera) from Europe, the Mediterranean, and Africa at U.S. ports-of-entry (1983-1999). Part 1. Key to genera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105: 80-99.
Nickle, DA (2004): Commonly intercepted thrips (Thysanoptera) from Europe, the Mediterranean, and Africa at U.S. ports-of-entry. Part II. Frankliniella Karny and Iridothrips Priesner (Thripidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 106: 438-452.
North, JP, Cuthbertson, AGS & Walters, KFA (2006): The efficacy of two entomopathogenic biocontrol agents against adult Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92 (2): 89-92.
Northfield, TD, Paini, DR, Funderburk, JE & Reitz, SR (2008): Annual cycles of Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) thrips abundance on North Florida uncultivated reproductive hosts: Predicting possible sources of pest outbreaks. - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 101 (4): 769-778.
Nothnagl, M, Kosiba, A, Alsanius, BW, Anderson, P & Larsen, RU (2007): Analysis of early population growth of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse grown chrysanthemum. - European Journal of Horticultural Science 72 (6): 248-254.
Nothnagl, M, Kosiba, A, Alsanius, BW, Anderson, P & Larsen, RU (2008): Modelling population dynamics of Frankliniella occidentalis pergande (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse grown chrysanthemum. - European Journal of Horticultural Science 73 (1): 12-19.
O'Donnell, CA, Mound, LA & Parrella, MP (2001): A multilevel identification system for thrips asscoiated with flower crops in North America. UC Davis (Thesis_I_III.pdf).
Ochoa, DL, Zavaletamejia, E, Johansen, RM, Herrera, A & Soriano, EC (1996): Tospoviruses, weeds and thrips associated with chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev cv Polaris). - International Journal of Pest Management 42 (3): 157-159.
Ohnishi, J, Knight, LM, Hosokawa, D, Fujisawa, I & Tsuda, S (2001): Replication of Tomato spotted wilt virus after ingestion by adult Thrips setosus is restricted to midgut epithelial cells. - Phytopathology 91 (12): 1149-1155.
Ohta, I (2001): Effect of temperature on development of Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) fed on Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Applied Entomology and Zoology 36 (4): 483-488.
Ohta, I (2002): Host plant resistance in Japanese chrysanthemums against Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) during the non-flowering stage. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 37 (2): 271-277.
Okazaki, S, Okuda, M, Komi, K, Yoshimatsu, H & Iwanami, T (2007): Overwintering viruliferous Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) as an infection source of Tomato spotted wilt virus in green pepper fields. - Plant Disease 91 (7): 842-846.
Omer, AD, Granett, J, Karban, R & Villa, EM (2001): Chemically-induced resistance against multiple pests in cotton. - International Journal of Pest Management 47 (1): 49-54.
Outchkourov, NS, De Kogel, WJ, Schuurman-De Bruin, A, Abrahamson, M & Jongsma, MA (2004): Specific cysteine protease inhibitors act as deterrents of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in transgenic potato. - Plant Biotechnology Journal 2 (5): 439-448.
Outchkourov, NS, De Kogel, WJ, Wiegers, GL, Abrahamson, M & Jongsma, MA (2004): Engineered multidomain cysteine protease inhibitors yield resistance against western flower thrips (Franklinielia occidentalis) in greenhouse trials. - Plant Biotechnology Journal 2 (5): 449-458.
Paini, DR, Funderburk, JE, Jackson, CT & Reitz, SR (2007): Reproduction of four thrips species (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on uncultivated hosts. - Journal of Entomological Science 42 (4): 610-615.
Paini, DR, Funderburk, JE & Reitz, SR (2008): Competitive exclusion of a worldwide invasive pest by a native. Quantifying competition between two phytophagous insects on two host plant species. - Journal of Animal Ecology 77 (1): 184-190.
Palevsky, E et al. (2001): How species-specific is the phoretic relationship between the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari : Tarsonemidae), and its insect hosts ? - Experimental and Applied Acarology 25 (3): 217-224.
Pallini, A, Janssen, A & Sabelis, MW (1997): Odour-mediated responses of phytophagous mites to conspecific and heterospecific competitors. - Oecologia 110 (2): 179-185.
Pallini, A, Janssen, A & Sabelis, MW (1998): Predators induce interspecific herbivore competition for food in refuge space. - Ecology Letters 1 (3): 171-177.
Palmer, JM, Mound, LA & Du Heaume, GJ (1989): 2. Thysanoptera, pp. 73. In Betts, CR [ed.], CIE Guides to Insects of Important to Man. CAB International, Wallingford.
Panyasiri, C, Attathom, T & Poehling, HM (2007): Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi-potential candidates to control insect pests on tomato under protected cultivation in Thailand. - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 114 (6): 278-287.
Parajulee, MN, Shrestha, RB & Leser, JF (2006): Sampling methods, dispersion patterns, and fixed precision sequential sampling plans for western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and cotton fleahoppers (Hemiptera : Miridae) in cotton. - Journal of Economic Entomology 99 (2): 568-577.
Parrella, G, Gognalons, P, Gebre-Selassie, K, Vovlas, C & Marchoux, G (2003): An update of the host range of tomato spotted wilt virus. - Journal of Plant Pathology 85 (4): 227-264.
Pasian, C, Taylor, RAJ, Mcmahon, RW & Lindquist, RK (2000): New method of acephate application to potted plants for control of Aphis gossypii, Frankliniella occidentalis and Bemisia tabaci. - Crop Protection 19 (4): 263-271.
Pearsall, IA (2000): Damage to nectarines by the western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in the interior of British Columbia, Canada. - Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (4): 1207-1215.
Pearsall, IA (2000): Flower preference behaviour of western flower thrips in the Similkameen Valley, British Columbia, Canada. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 95 (3): 303-313.
Pearsall, IA (2002): Daily flight activity of the western flower thrips (Thysan., Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia, Canada. - Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift Fur Angewandte Entomologie 126 (6): 293-302.
Pearsall, IA & Hogue, EJ (2000): Use of azadirachtin as a larvicide or feeding deterrent for control of western flower thrips in orchard systems. - Phytoparasitica 28 (3): 219-228.
Pearsall, IA & Myers, JH (2000): Evaluation of sampling methodology for determining the phenology, relative density, and dispersion of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in nectarine orchards. - Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (2): 494-502.
Pearsall, IA & Myers, JH (2000): Population dynamics of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia. - Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (2): 264-275.
Pearsall, IA & Myers, JH (2001): Spatial and temporal patterns of dispersal of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in nectarine orchards in British Columbia. - Journal of Economic Entomology 94 (4): 831-843.
Persijn, ST, Harren, FJM, Wijkamp, I & Mitrayana, L (2006): Study of gas exchange in insects by sensitive laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. - Instrumentation Science & Technology 34 (1-2): 85-97.
Persley, DM, Thomas, JE & Sharman, M (2006): Tospoviruses - an Australian perspective. - Australasian Plant Pathology 35 (2): 161-180.
Peters, D, Maris, PN, Joosten, N & Goldbach, RW (2007): Impeded spread of Tomato spotted wilt virus to pepper plants less preferred by Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Insect Science 7: -.
Premachandra, WTSD, Borgemeister, C, Berndt, O, Ehlers, RU & Poehling, HM (2003): Laboratory bioassays of virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-inhabiting stages of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Nematology 5: 539-547.
Premachandra, WTSD, Borgemeister, C, Berndt, O, Ehlers, RU & Poehling, HM (2003): Combined releases of entomopathogenic nematodes and the predatory mite Hypoaspis aculeifer to control soil-dwelling stages of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Biocontrol 48 (5): 529-541.
Premachandra, WTSD, Borgemeister, C, Maiss, E, Knierim, D & Poehling, HM (2005): Ceratothripoides claratris, a new vector of a Capsicum Chlorosis Virus isolate infecting tomato in Thailand. - Phytopathology 95 (6): 659-663.
Reboredo, M, De Morentin, IM, Moriyon, I & Jordana, R (2003): A methodology for thrips larvae identification using protein profiles obtained by SDS-PAGE. - Biocontrol 48 (4): 395-406.
Reitz, SR (2002): Seasonal and within plant distribution of Frankliniella thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in north Florida tomatoes. - Florida Entomologist 85 (3): 431-439.
Reitz, SR, Funderburk, JE & Waring, SM (2006): Differential predation by the generalist predator Orius insidiosus on congeneric species of thrips that vary in size and behavior. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 119 (3): 179-188.
Reitz, SR, Maiorino, G, Olson, S, Sprenkel, R, Crescenz, A & Momol, MT (2008): Integrating plant essential oils and kaolin for the sustainable management of thrips and tomato spotted wilt on tomato. - Plant Disease 92 (6): 878-886.
Reitz, SR, Yearby, EL, Funderburk, JE, Stavisky, J, Momol, MT & Olson, SM (2003): Integrated management tactics for Frankliniella thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in field-grown pepper. - Journal of Economic Entomology 96 (4): 1201-1214.
Rhainds, M, Cloutier, C, Shipp, L, Boudreault, S, Daigle, G & Brodeur, J (2007): Temperature-mediated relationship between western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and chrysanthemum. - Environmental Entomology 36 (2): 475-483.
Rhainds, M, Doyon, J, Rivoal, J & Brodeur, J (2007): Thrips-induced damage of chrysanthemum inflorescences: evidence for enhanced leakage of carotenoid pigments. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 123 (3): 247-252.
Rhainds, M & Shipp, L (2003): Dispersal of adult western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on chrysanthemum plants: Impact of feeding-induced, senescence of inflorescences. - Environmental Entomology 32 (5): 1056-1065.
Rhainds, M & Shipp, L (2004): Dispersal of adult western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in greenhouse crops. - Canadian Entomologist 136 (2): 241-254.
Rhainds, M, Shipp, l, Woodrow, L & Anderson, D (2005): Density, dispersal, and feeding impact of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on flowering chrysanthemum at different spatial scales. - Ecological Entomology 30 (1): 96-104.
Richards, PC & Schmidt, JM (1996): The effects of selected dietary supplements on survival and reproduction of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). - Canadian Entomologist 128 (2): 171-176.
Riley, DG (2007): Effect of imidacloprid on settling behavior of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripida) on tomato and peanut. - Journal of Entomological Science 42 (1): 74-83.
Riley, DG, Chitturi, A & Sparks, AN (2007): Does natural deposition of pine pollen affect the ovipositional behavior of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella fusca? - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 124 (2): 133-141.
Riley, DG & Pappu, HR (2000): Evaluation of tactics for management of thrips-vectored Tomato spotted wilt virus in tomato. - Plant Disease 84 (8): 847-852.
Riley, DG & Pappu, HR (2004): Tactics for management of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and tomato spotted wilt virus in tomato. - Journal of Economic Entomology 97 (5): 1648-1658.
Rio, RVM & Cameron, EA (2000): Heterorhabditis bacteriophora: Seasonal dynamics and distribution in a stand of sugar maple, Acer saccharum. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 75 (1): 36-40.
Riudavets, J & Castane, C (1998): Identification and evaluation of native predators of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in the Mediterranean. - Environmental Entomology 27 (1): 86-93.
Roca, E, Aramburu, J & Moriones, E (1997): Comparative host reactions and Frankliniella occidentalis transmission of different isolates of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus from Spain. - Plant Pathology 46 (3): 407-415.
Roda, A, Nyrop, J, Dicke, M & English-Loeb, G (2000): Trichomes and spider-mite webbing protect predatory mite eggs from intraguild predation. - Oecologia 125 (3): 428-435.
Roditakis, E & Roditakis, NE (2007): Assessment of the damage potential of three thrips species on white variety table grapes - In vitro experiments. - Crop Protection 26 (4): 476-483.
Roditakis, NE, Lykouressis, DP & Golfinopoulou, NG (2001): Color preference, sticky trap catches and distribution of western flower thrips in greenhouse cucumber, sweet pepper and eggplant crops. - Southwestern Entomologist 26 (3): 227-237.
Rodriguezreina, JM, Ferragut, F, Carnero, A & Pena, MA (1994): Diapause in the predacious mites Amblyseius cucumeris (Oud) and Amblyseius barkeri (Hug) - Consequences of use in integrated control programs. - Journal of Applied Entomology 118 (1): 44-50.
Roggero, P, Masenga, V & Tavella, L (2002): Field isolates of Tomato spotted wilt virus overcoming resistance in pepper and their spread to other hosts in Italy. - Plant Disease 86 (9): 950-954.
Rosello, S, Diez, MJ, Lacasa, A, Jorda, C & Nuez, F (1997): Testing resistance to TSWV introgressed from Lycopersicon peruvianum by artificial transmission techniques. - Euphytica 98 (1-2): 93-98.
Rosello, S, Diez, MJ & Nuez, F (1998): Genetics of tomato spotted wilt virus resistance coming from Lycopersicon peruvianum. - European Journal of Plant Pathology 104 (5): 499-509.
Rosello, S, Ricarte, B, Diez, MJ & Nuez, F (2001): Resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus introgressed from Lycopersicon peruvianum in line UPV 1 may be allelic to Sw-5 and can be used to enhance the resistance of hybrids cultivars. - Euphytica 119 (3): 357-367.
Rosello, S, Soler, S, Diez, MJ, Rambla, JL, Richarte, C & Nuez, F (1999): New sources for high resistance of tomato to the tomato spotted wilt virus from Lycopersicon peruvianum. - Plant Breeding 118 (5): 425-429.
Rosenheim, JA (2005): Intraguild predation of Orius tristicolor by Geocoris spp. and the paradox of irruptive spider mite dynamics in California cotton. - Biological Control 32 (1): 172-179.
Rosenheim, JA, Welter, SC, Johnson, MW, Mau, RFL & Gusukumaminuto, LR (1990): Direct feeding damage on cucumber by mixed-species infestations of Thrips palmi and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 83 (4): 1519-1525.
Rotenberg, D, Kumar, NKK, Whitfield, AE, Montero-Astua, M, Willis, DK, German, TL & Ullman, DE (2008): Quantitative analysis of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) titer in Frankliniella occidentalis and its association with frequency of transmission. - Phytopathology 98 (6): S136-S136.
Sadof, CS & Sclar, DC (2002): Public tolerance to defoliation and flower distortion in a public horticulture garden. - Journal of Economic Entomology 95 (2): 348-353.
Sakimura, K (1976): Frankliniella-Chrysanthemi-Synonymous with Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera-Thripidae). - Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 22 (2): 333-334.
Sakimura, K (1983): Abdominal blotches of Frankliniella trehernei and differentiation of Frankliniella occidentalis and Frankliniella bruneri (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 85 (2): 398-399.
Sakurai, T (2004): Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus by the dark form of Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) originating in tomato fields in Paraguay. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (1): 189-194.
Sakurai, T, Inoue, T & Tsuda, S (2004): Distinct efficiencies of Impatiens necrotic spot virus transmission by five thrips vector species (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) of tospoviruses in Japan. - Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (1): 71-78.
Sakurai, t, Murai, T, Maeda, T & Tsumuki, H (1998): Sexual differences in transmission and accumulation of tomato spotted wilt virus in its insect vector Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Applied Entomology and Zoology 33 (4): 583-588.
Sanchez, JA & Lacasa, A (2002): Modelling population dynamics of Orius laevigatus and O. albidipennis (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) to optimize their use as biological control agents of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Bulletin of Entomological Research 92 (1): 77-88.
Schausberger, P (1998): Population growth and persistence when prey is diminishing in single-species and two-species systems of the predatory mites Euseius finlandicus, Typhlodromus pyri and Kampimodromus aberrans. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 88 (3): 275-286.
Schmidt, JM, Richards, PC, Nadel, H & Ferguson, G (1995): A rearing method for the production of large numbers of the insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae). - Canadian Entomologist 127 (3): 445-447.
Schoenig, SE & Wilson, LT (1992): Patterns of spatial association between Spider-Mites (Acari, Tetranychidae) and their natural enemies on Cotton. - Environmental Entomology 21 (3): 471-477.
Schreiter, G, Butt, TM, Beckett, A, Vestergaard, S & Moritz, G (1994): Invasion and Development of Verticillium lecanii in the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Mycological Research 98: 1025-1034.
Schuch, UK, Redak, RA & Bethke, JA (1998): Cultivar, fertilizer, and irrigation affect vegetative growth and susceptibility of chrysanthemum to western flower thrips. - Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123 (4): 727-733.
Scott Brown, AS, Simmonds, MSJ & Blaney, WM (2003): Influence of a short exposure to teflubenzuron residues on the predation of thrips by Iphiseius degenerans (Acari : Phytoseiidae) and Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae). - Pest Management Science 59 (11): 1255-1259.
Scott Brown, AS, Simmonds, MSJ & Blaney, WM (1999): Influence of species of host plants on the predation of thrips by Neoseiulus cucumeris, Iphiseius degenerans and Orius laevigatus. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 92 (3): 283-288.
Scott Brown, AS, Simmonds, MSJ & Blaney, WM (2002): Relationship between nutritional composition of plant species and infestation levels of thrips. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 28 (12): 2399-2409.
Seaton, KA, Cook, DF & Hardie, DC (1997): The effectiveness of a range of insecticides against western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cut flowers. - Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48 (6): 781-787.
Sedy, KA & Koschier, EH (2003): Bioactivity of carvacrol and thymol against Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci. - Journal of Applied Entomology 127 (6): 313-316.
Sengonca, C, Blaeser, P, Ozden, O & Kersting, U (2006): Occurrence of thrips (Thysanoptera) infestation on nectarines and its importance to fruit damage in North Cyprus. - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 113 (3): 128-134.
Sengonca, C, Thungrabeab, M & Blaeser, P (2006): Potential of different isolates of entomopathogenic fungi from Thailand as biological control agents against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 113 (2): 74-80.
Sengonca, C, Zegula, T & Blaeser, P (2004): The suitability of twelve different predatory mite species for the biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 111 (4): 388-399.
Serrano, M, Riquelme, F & Romojaro, F (1991): Activation of the metabolism of ethylene in carnation affected by thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). - Revista De Agroquimica Y Tecnologia De Alimentos 31 (3): 359-365.
Severini, M, Baumgartner, J & Limonta, L (2003): Parameter estimation for distributed delay based population models from laboratory data: egg hatching of Oulema duftschmidi Redthenbacher (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) as an example. - Ecological Modelling 167 (3): 233-246.
Shapiro-Ilan, DI, Gouge, DH, Piggott, SJ & Fife, JP (2006): Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. - Biological Control 38 (1): 124-133.
Shipp, JL, Binns, MR, Hao, X & Wang, K (1998): Economic injury levels for western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse sweet pepper. - Journal of Economic Entomology 91 (3): 671-677.
Shipp, JL & Gillespie, TJ (1993): Influence of temperature and water-vapor pressure deficit on survival of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Environmental Entomology 22 (4): 726-732.
Shipp, JL, Hao, X, Papadopoulos, AP & Binns, MR (1998): Impact of western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on growth, photosynthesis and productivity of greenhouse sweet pepper. - Scientia Horticulturae 72 (2): 87-102.
Shipp, JL & Vanhouten, YM (1997): Influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on survival of the predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae). - Environmental Entomology 26 (1): 106-113.
Shipp, JL & Wang, K (2003): Evaluation of Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari : Phytoseiidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) for control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse tomatoes. - Biological Control 28 (3): 271-281.
Shipp, JL & Wang, K (2006): Evaluation of Dicyphus hersperus (Heteroptera : Miridae) for biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse tomato. - Journal of Economic Entomology 99 (2): 414-420.
Shipp, JL, Wang, K & Binns, MR (2000): Economic injury levels for western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse cucumber. - Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (6): 1732-1740.
Shipp, JL, Ward, KI & Gillespie, TJ (1996): Influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on the rate of predation by the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris, on Frankliniella occidentalis. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 78 (1): 31-38.
Shipp, JL & Whitfield, GH (1991): Functional-Response of the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari, Phytoseiidae), on Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Environmental Entomology 20 (2): 694-699.
Shipp, JL & Zariffa, N (1991): Spatial patterns of and sampling methods for Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on greenhouse sweet-pepper. - Canadian Entomologist 123 (5): 989-1000.
Shipp, JL, Zariffa, N & Ferguson, G (1992): Spatial patterns of and sampling methods for Orius Spp (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) on greenhouse sweet-pepper. - Canadian Entomologist 124 (5): 887-894.
Shipp, JL & Zhang, Y (1999): Using greenhouse microclimate to improve the efficacy of insecticide application for Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 92 (1): 201-206.
Shipp, JL, Zhang, Y, Hunt, DWA & Ferguson, G (2003): Influence of humidity and greenhouse microclimate on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) for control of greenhouse arthropod pests. - Environmental Entomology 32 (5): 1154-1163.
Shtienberg, D (1994): Achene Blemish Syndrome - a New Disease of Sunflower in Israel. - Plant Disease 78 (11): 1112-1116.
Shumway, DL, Teulon, DAJ & Kolb, TE (1991): Identification of thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) feeding sites on sugar maple leaves. - Journal of Economic Entomology 84 (6): 1771-1773.
Simpson, T, Bikoba, V & Mitcham, EJ (2003): Effects of acetaldehyde on fruit quality and target pest mortality for harvested strawberries. - Postharvest Biology and Technology 28 (3): 405-416.
Simpson, T, Bikoba, V & Mitcham, EJ (2004): Effects of ethyl formate on fruit quality and target pest mortality for harvested strawberries. - Postharvest Biology and Technology 34 (3): 313-319.
Simpson, T, Bikoba, V, Tipping, C & Mitcham, EJ (2007): Ethyl formate as a postharvest fumigant for selected pests of table grapes. - Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (4): 1084-1090.
Sims, K, Funderburk, J & Boucias, D (2005): Host-parasite biology of Thripinema fuscum (Tylenchida : Allantonematidae) and Franklinielia fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Nematology 37 (1): 4-11.
Sin, SH, Mcnulty, BC, Kennedy, GG & Moyer, JW (2005): Viral genetic determinants for thrips transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (14): 5168-5173.
Sites, RW & Chambers, WS (1990): Initiation of vernal activity of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci on the Texas South Plains. - Southwestern Entomologist 15 (3): 339-343.
Sites, RW, Chambers, WS & Nichols, BJ (1992): Diel periodicity of thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) dispersion and the occurrence of Frankliniella williamsi on onions. - Journal of Economic Entomology 85 (1): 100-105.
Skirvin, DJ, Kravar-Garde, L, Reynolds, K, Jones, J & Williams, MD (2006): The influence of pollen on combining predators to control Frankliniella occidentalis in ornamental chrysanthemum crops. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 16 (1): 99-105.
Skirvin, DJ, Kravar-Garde, L, Reynolds, K, Jones, J, Mead, A & Fenlon, J (2007): Supplemental food affects thrips predation and movement of Orius laevigatus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari : Phytoseiidae). - Bulletin of Entomological Research 97 (3): 309-315.
Slosser, JE (1993): Influence of planting date and insecticide treatment on insect pest abundance and damage in Dryland Cotton. - Journal of Economic Entomology 86 (4): 1213-1222.
Slosser, JE, Bordovsky, DG & Bevers, SJ (1994): Damage and costs associated with insect management options in irrigated cotton. - Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (2): 436-445.
Slosser, JE, Cole, CL, Boring, EP, Parajulee, MN & Idol, GB (2005): Thrips species associated with cotton in the northern texas rolling plains. - Southwestern Entomologist 30 (1): 1-7.
Smith, RM, Cuthbertson, AGS & Walters, KFA (2005): Note: Extrapolating the use of an entomopathogenic nematode and fungus as control agents for Frankliniella occidentalis to Thrips palmi. - Phytoparasitica 33 (5): 436-440.
Soria, C & Mollema, C (1995): Life-history parameters of Western Flower Thrips on susceptible and Resistant cucumber genotypes. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 74 (2): 177-184.
Spence, KO, Bicocca, VT & Rosenheim, JA (2007): Friend or foe?: A plant's induced response to an omnivore. - Environmental Entomology 36: 623-630.
Stacey, DA & Fellowes, MDE (2002): Temperature and the development rates of thrips: Evidence for a constraint on local adaptation? - European Journal of Entomology 99 (3): 399-404.
Stack, PA & Drummond, FA (1997): Reproduction and development of Orius insidiosus in a blue light-supplemented short photoperiod. - Biological Control 9 (1): 59-65.
Stack, PA, Drummond, FA & Stack, LB (1998): Chrysanthemum flowering in a blue light-supplemented long day maintained for biocontrol of thrips. - Hortscience 33 (4): 710-715.
Stack, PA, Stack, lb & Drummond, FA (1997): A two-year grower survey of thrips and Tospovirus incidence and management in maine greenhouses. - Journal of Agricultural Entomology 14 (2): 205-224.
Stannard, LJ (1968): The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 29: 215-552.
Stavisky, J, Funderburk, J, Brodbeck, BV, Olson, SM & Andersen, PC (2002): Population dynamics of Frankliniella spp. and tomato spotted wilt incidence as influenced by cultural management tactics in tomato. - Journal of Economic Entomology 95 (6): 1216-1221.
Steiner, MY & Goodwin, S (1998): Methods for collecting and rearing thrips (Thysanoptera) and their natural enemies. - Australian Journal of Entomology 37: 101-106.
Steiner, MY & Goodwin, S (2005): Management of thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in Australian strawberry crops: within-plant distribution characteristics and action thresholds. - Australian Journal of Entomology 44: 175-185.
Steiner, MY & Goodwin, S (2005): Management of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), in hydroponic strawberry crops: using yellow sticky traps to determine action thresholds. - Australian Journal of Entomology 44: 288-292.
Steiner, MY, Goodwin, S, Wellham, TM, Barchia, IM & Spohr, LJ (2003): Biological studies of the Australian predatory mite Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha) (Acari : Phytoseiidae), a potential biocontrol agent for western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Australian Journal of Entomology 42: 124-130.
Steiner, MY, Spohr, LJ, Barchia, I & Goodwin, S (1999): Rapid estimation of numbers of whiteflies (Hemiptera : Aleurodidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on sticky traps. - Australian Journal of Entomology 38: 367-372.
Stobbs, LW, Broadbent, AB, Allen, WR & Stirling, AL (1992): Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus by the Western Flower Thrips to Weeds and Native Plants Found in Southern Ontario. - Plant Disease 76 (1): 23-29.
Stoltz, RL & Stern, VM (1978): Longevity and fecundity of Orius tristicolor (Thysanoptera-Thripidae) when introduced to increasing numbers of prey Frankliniella occidentalis (Hemiptera-Anthocoridae). - Environmental Entomology 7 (2): 197-198.
Storms, MMH, Nagata, T, Kormelink, R, Goldbach, RW & van Lent, JWM (2002): Expression of the movement protein of Tomato spotted wilt virus in its insect vector Frankliniella occidentalis. - Archives of Virology 147 (4): 825-831.
Strauss, SY, Irwin, RE & Lambrix, VM (2004): Optimal defence theory and flower petal colour predict variation in the secondary chemistry of wild radish. - Journal of Ecology 92 (1): 132-141.
Stumpf, CF, Comins, DL, Sparks, TC, Donohue, KV & Roe, RM (2007): Insecticidal activity and mode of action of novel nicotinoids synthesized by new acylpyridinium salt chemistry and directed lithiation. - Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 87 (3): 211-219.
Stumpf, CF & Kennedy, GG (2005): Effects of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates, host plants, and temperature on survival, size, and development time of Frankliniella fusca. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 114 (3): 215-225.
Stumpf, CF & Kennedy, GG (2007): Ecological and physiological factors influencing transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) by Frankliniella fusca and F. occidentalis. - Journal of Insect Science 7.
Stumpf, CF & Kennedy, GG (2007): Effects of tomato spotted wilt virus isolates, host plants, and temperature on survival, size, and development time of Frankliniella occidentalis. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 123 (2): 139-147.
Tatemoto, S & Shimoda, T (2008): Olfactory responses of the predatory mites (Neoseiulus cucumeris) and insects (Orius strigicollis) to two different plant species infested with onion thrips (Thrips tabaci). - Journal of Chemical Ecology 34 (5): 605-613.
Taylor, RAJ, Lindquist, RK & Shipp, JL (1998): Variation and consistency in spatial distribution as measured by Taylor's power law. - Environmental Entomology 27 (2): 191-201.
Tedeschi, R, Ciuffo, M, Mason, G, Roggero, P & Tavella, L (2001): Transmissibility of four tospoviruses by a thelytokous population of Thrips tabaci from Liguria, northwestern Italy. - Phytoparasitica 29 (1): 37-45.
Teerling, CR, Gillespie, DR & Borden, JH (1993): Utilization of Western Flower Thrips alarm bheromone as a prey-finding kairomone by predators. - Canadian Entomologist 125 (3): 431-437.
Teerling, CR, Pierce, HD, Borden, JH & Gillespie, DR (1993): Identification and bioactivity of alarm pheromone in the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 19 (4): 681-697.
Terry, LI (1991): Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) oviposition in apple buds - role of bloom state, blossom phenology, and population-density. - Environmental Entomology 20 (6): 1568-1576.
Terry, LI (1992): Effect of early season insecticide use and square removal on fruiting patterns and fiber quality of cotton. - Journal of Economic Entomology 85 (4): 1402-1412.
Terry, LI & Dyreson, E (1996): Behavior of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) within aggregations, and morphometric correlates of fighting. - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 89 (4): 589-602.
Terry, li & Gardner, D (1990): Male mating swarms in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Insect Behavior 3 (1): 133-141.
Terry, li & Kelly, CK (1993): Patterns of change in secondary and tertiary sex-ratios of the Terebrantian Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 66 (3): 213-225.
Teulon, DAJ (1992): Laboratory technique for rearing Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 85 (3): 895-899.
Teulon, DAJ, Butler, RC, James, DE & Davidson, MM (2007): Odour-baited traps influence thrips capture in proximal unbalted traps in the field. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 123 (3): 253-262.
Teulon, DAJ et al. (2007): 4-pyridyl carbonyl and related compounds as thrips lures: Effectiveness for onion thrips and new zealand flower thrips in field experiments. - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55 (15): 6198-6205.
Teulon, DAJ, Hollister, B, Butler, RC & Cameron, EA (1999): Colour and odour responses of flying western flower thrips: wind tunnel and greenhouse experiments. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 93 (1): 9-19.
Teulon, DAJ, Penman, DR & Ramakers, PMJ (1993): Volatile chemicals for thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) host-finding and applications for thrips pest-management. - Journal of Economic Entomology 86 (5): 1405-1415.
Thalavaisundaram, S, Herron, GA, Clift, AD & Rose, H (2008): Pyrethroid resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and implications for its management in Australia. - Australian Journal of Entomology 47: 64-69.
Thoeming, G, Borgemeister, C, Setamou, M & Poehling, HM (2003): Systemic effects of neem on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 96 (3): 817-825.
Thoeming, G, Draeger, G & Poehling, HM (2006): Soil application of azadirachtin and 3-tigloyl-azadirachtol to control western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae): translocation and persistence in bean plants. - Pest Management Science 62 (8): 759-767.
Thoeming, G & Poehling, HM (2006): Integrating soil-applied azadirachtin with Amblyseius cucumeris (Acari : Phytoseiidae) and Hypoaspis aculeifer (Acari : Laelapidae) for the management of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Environmental Entomology 35 (3): 746-756.
Thungrabeab, M, Blaeser, P & Sengonca, C (2006): Effect of temperature and host plant on the efficacy of different entornopathogenic fungi from Thailand against Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in the laboratory. - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 113 (4): 181-187.
Timm, AE, Stiller, M & Frey, JE (2008): A molecular identification key for economically important thrips species (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in southern Africa. - African Entomology 16 (1): 68-75.
Tipping, C, Bikoba, V, Chander, GJ & Mitcham, EJ (2003): Efficacy of Silwet L-77 against several arthropod pests of table grape. - Journal of Economic Entomology 96 (1): 246-250.
Toapanta, MA, Funderburk, J, Webb, S, Chellemi, D & Tsai, J (1996): Abundance of Frankliniella spp (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on winter and spring host plants. - Environmental Entomology 25 (4): 793-800.
Toapanta, MA, Funderburk, J & Chellemi, D (2001): Development of Frankliniella species (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in relation to microclimatic temperatures in vetch. - Journal of Entomological Science 36 (4): 426-437.
Tommasini, MG & Ceredi, G (2007): Damages on nectarines by thrips in northern Italy: monitoring and control on late attacks. - Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 71-75.
Torres, JB & Ruberson, JR (2008): Interactions of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin in genetically engineered cotton with predatory heteropterans. - Transgenic Research 17 (3): 345-354.
Trdan, S, Andjus, L, Raspudic, E & Kac, M (2005): Distribution of Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall (Thysanoptera : Aeolothripidae) and its potential prey Thysanoptera species on different cultivated host plants. - Journal of Pest Science 78 (4): 217-226.
Trdan, S, Valib, N & Znidarcic, D (2007): Field efficacy of deltamethrin in reducing damage caused by Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on early white cabbage. - Journal of Pest Science 80 (4): 217-223.
Trdan, S, Valic, N, Zezlina, I, Bergant, K & Znidarcic, D (2005): Light blue sticky boards for mass trapping of onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), in onion crops: fact or fantasy? Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 112 (2): 173-180.
Trdan, S, Vidrih, M & Valic, N (2006): Activity of four entomopathogenic nematode species against young adults of Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera : Silvanidae) under laboratory conditions. - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 113 (4): 168-173.
Trdan, S, Znidarcic, D & Vidrih, M (2007): Control of Frankliniella occidentalis on glasshouse-grown cucumbers: an efficacy comparison of foliar application of Steinernema feltiae and spraying with abamectin. - Russian Journal of Nematology 15 (1): 25-34.
Trichilo, PJ & Leigh, TF (1986): Predation on spider-mite eggs by the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), an opportunist in a cotton agroecosystem. - Environmental Entomology 15 (4): 821-825.
Tsao, R, Attygalle, AB, Schroeder, FC, Marvin, CH & Mcgarvey, BD (2003):Isobutylamides of unsaturated fatty acids from Chrysanthemum morifolium associated with host-plant resistance against the western flower thrips. - Journal of Natural Products 66 (9): 1229-1231.
Tsao, R, Marvin, C. H, Broadbent, AB, Friesen, M, Allen, WR & Mcgarvey, BD (2005): Evidence for an isobutylamide associated with host-plant resistance to western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, in chrysanthemum. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (1): 103-110.
Tschuch, G, Lindemann, P, Niesen, A, Csuk, R & Moritz, G (2005): A novel long-chained acetate in the defensive secretion of thrips. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (7): 1555-1565.
Tsuchida, K & Ohguchi, s (1998): Male mating behavior and female-biased sex ratio of the Japanese gall-forming thrips Ponticulothrips diospyrosi (Thysanoptera : Phlaeothripidae). - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 91 (1): 27-32.
Tsuchiya, M, Masui, S & Kuboyama, N (1995): Color Attraction of Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergrande). - Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (4): 313-319.
Tsuchiya, M, Togawa, M, Furuhashi, K & Masui, S (1995): Infestation and Damage Caused by Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande) on Satsuma Mandarine (Citrus-Unshiu Marc). - Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (3): 253-259.
Tsuda, S, Fujisawa, I, Ohnishi, J, Hosokawa, D & Tomaru, K (1996): Localization of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in larvae and pupae of the insect vector Thrips setosus. - Phytopathology 86 (11): 1199-1203.
Tsumuki, H et al. (2007): Cold hardiness of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Applied Entomology and Zoology 42 (2): 223-229.
Tunc, I, Unlu, m & Dagli, F (2004): Bioactivity of acetone vapours against greenhouse pests, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Aphis gossypii and Franklinielia occidentalis. - Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 111 (3): 225-230.
Tyagi, K, Kumar, v & Mound, LA (2008): Sexual dimorphism among Thysanoptera Terebrantia, with a new species from Malaysia and remarkable species from India in Aeolothripidae and Thripidae. - Insect Systematics & Evolution 39 (2): 155-170.
Ugine, TA, Sanderson, JP & Wraight, SP (2006): Within-plant and temporal distribution of nymphal and adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), on flowers and foliage of greenhouse impatiens, Impatiens wallerana, and implications for pest population sampling. - Environmental Entomology 35 (2): 507-515.
Ugine, TA, Wraight, SP, Brownbridge, M & Sanderson, JP (2005): Development of a novel bioassay for estimation of median lethal concentrations (LC50) and doses (LD50) of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 89 (3): 210-218.
Ugine, TA, Wraight, SP & Sanderson, JP (2005): Acquisition of lethal doses of Beauveria bassiana conidia by western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, exposed to foliar spray residues of formulated and unformulated conidia. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 90 (1): 10-23.
Ugine, TA, Wraight, SP & Sanderson, JP (2006): Influences of impatiens pollen and exposure to Beauveria bassiana on bionomics of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. - Biological Control 37 (2): 186-195.
Ugine, TA, Wraight, SP & Sanderson, JP (2007): Effects of manipulating spray-application parameters on efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, infesting greenhouse impatiens crops. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 17 (1-2): 193-219.
Ugine, TA, Wraight, SP & Sanderson, JP (2007): A tritrophic effect of host plant on susceptibility of western flower thrips to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 96 (2): 162-172.
Ullman, DE, Cho, JJ, Mau, RFL, Westcot, DM & Custer, DM (1992): A midgut barrier to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus acquisition by adult Western Flower Thrips. - Phytopathology 82 (11): 1333-1342.
Ullman, DE, German, TL, Sherwood, JL, Westcot, DM & Cantone, FA (1993): Tospovirus replication in insect vector cells - Immunocytochemical evidence that the nonstructural protein encoded by the S-RNA of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus is present in thrips vector cells. - Phytopathology 83 (4): 456-463.
Ullman, DE, Meideros, R, Campbell, LR, Whitfield, AE, Sherwood, JL & German, TL (2002): Thrips as vectors of Tospoviruses. - Advances in Botanical Research, Vol 36 36: 113-140.
Ullman, DE, Westcot, DM, Chenault, KD, Sherwood, JL, German, TL, Bandla, MD, Cantone, FA & Duer, HL (1995): Compartmentalization, intracellular-transport, and autophagy of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus proteins in infected thrips cells. - Phytopathology 85 (6): 644-654.
Ullman, DE, Westcot, DM, Hunter, WB & Mau, RFL (1989): Internal anatomy and morphology of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) with special reference to interactions between thrips and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. - International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology 18 (5-6): 289-310.
Vacante, V, Cacciola, SO & Pennisi, AM (1994): Epizootiological Study of Neozygites parvispora (Zygomycota, Entomophthoraceae) in a population of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on pepper in Sicily. - Entomophaga 39 (2): 123-130.
Vacante, V & Gilioli, G (2003): The effects of triflumuron against the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)) on pepper: an evaluation based on the analysis of population dynamics. - Journal of Applied Entomology 127 (7): 413-420.
Vaira, AM, Berio, T, Accotto, GP, Vecchiati, M & Allavena, A (2000): Evaluation of resistance in Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) Norl. plants transgenic for the N protein gene of tomato spotted wilt virus. - Plant Cell Reports 19 (10): 983-988.
Van de Veire, M & Degheele, D (1995): Comparative laboratory experiment with Orius insidiosus and Orius albidipennis (Het.: Anthocoridae), two candidates for biological control in glasshouses. - Entomophaga 40 (3-4): 341-344.
Van de Veire, M, Sterk, G, van der Staaij, M, Ramakers, PMJ & Tirry, L (2002): Sequential testing scheme for the assessment of the side-effects of plant protection products on the predatory bug Orius laevigatus. - Biocontrol 47 (1): 101-113.
Van de Wetering, F, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1996): Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus ingestion by first instar larvae of Frankliniella occidentalis is a prerequisite for transmission. - Phytopathology 86 (9): 900-905.
Van de Wetering, F, Hulshof, J, Posthuma, K, Harrewijn, P, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1998): Distinct feeding behavior between sexes of Frankliniella occidentalis results in higher scar production and lower tospovirus transmission by females. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 88 (1): 9-15.
Van de Wetering, F, Posthuma, K, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1999): Assessing the susceptibility of chrysanthemum cultivars to tomato spotted wilt virus. - Plant Pathology 48 (6): 693-699.
Van de Wetering, F, Van der Hoek, M, Goldbach, R, Mollema, C & Peters, D (1999): Variation in tospovirus transmission between populations of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Bulletin of Entomological Research 89 (6): 579-588.
Van de Wetering, F, Van der Hoek, M, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1999): Differences in tomato spotted wilt virus vector competency between males and females of Frankliniella occidentalis. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 93 (1): 105-112.
Van den Meiracker, RAF & Sabelis, MW (1999): Do functional responses of predatory arthropods reach a plateau? A case study of Orius insidiosus with western flower thrips as prey. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 90 (3): 323-329.
Van Driesche, RG, Lyon, S & Nunn, C (2006): Compatibility of spinosad with predacious mites (Acari : Phytoseiidae) used to control western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in greenhouse crops. - Florida Entomologist 89 (3): 396-401.
Van Driesche, GR, Lyon, S, Stanek, EJ, Xu, B & Nunn, C (2006): Evaluation of efficacy of Neoseiulus cucumeris for control of western flower thrips in spring bedding crops. - Biological Control 36 (2): 203-215.
Van Rijn, PCJ, Bakker, FM, Van der Hoeven, WAD & Sabelis, MW (2005): Is arthropod predation exclusively satiation-driven? - Oikos 109 (1): 101-116.
Van Rijn, PCJ & Tanigoshi, LK (1999): The contribution of extrafloral nectar to survival and reproduction of the predatory mite Iphiseius degenerans on Ricinus communis. - Experimental and Applied Acarology 23 (4): 281-296.
Van Rijn, PCJ, van Houten, YM & Sabelis, MW (2002): How plants benefit from providing food to predators even when it is also edible to herbivores. - Ecology 83 (10): 2664-2679.
Vandam, NM, Vuister, LWM, Bergshoeff, C, Devos, H & Vandermeijden, E (1995): The Raison-Detre of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Cynoglossum officinale - Deterrent effects against generalist herbivores. - Journal of Chemical Ecology 21 (5): 507-523.
Vandenmeiracker, RAF (1994): Induction and termination of diapause in Orius Predatory Bugs. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 73 (2): 127-137.
Vandeveire, M & Degheele, D (1992): Biological-control of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), in glasshouse sweet-peppers with Orius Spp (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) - a comparative-study between O. niger (Wolff) and O. insidiosus (Say). - Biocontrol Science and Technology 2 (4): 281-283.
Vandijken, FR, Dik, MTA, Gebala, B, Dejong, J & Mollema, C (1994): Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) effects on chrysanthemum cultivars - plant-growth and leaf scarring in nonflowering plants. - Journal of Economic Entomology 87 (5): 1312-1317.
Vanhouten, YM, Vanrijn, PCJ, Tanigoshi, LK, Vanstratum, P & Bruin, J (1995): Preselection of predatory mites to improve year-round biological-control of Western Flower Thrips in greenhouse crops. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 74 (3): 225-234.
Vanhouten, YM, Vanstratum, P, Bruin, J & Veerman, A (1995): Selection for non-diapause in Amblyseius cucumeris and Amblyseius barkeri and exploration of the effectiveness of selected strains for thrips control. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 77 (3): 289-295.
Vanlaerhoven, S, Gillespie, DR & Mcgregor, RR (2000): Leaf damage and prey type determine search effort in Orius tristicolor. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 97 (2): 167-174.
Vanrijn, PCJ, Mollema, C & Steenhuisbroers, GM (1995): Comparative life-history studies of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) on cucumber. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 85 (2): 285-297.
Vantornhout, I, Minnaert, HL, Tirry, L & de Clercq, P (2004): Effect of pollen, natural prey and factitious prey on the development of Iphiseius degeneransi. - Biocontrol 49 (6): 627-644.
Vantornhout, I, Minnaert, HL, Tirry, L & de Clercq, P (2005): Influence of diet on life table parameters of Iphiseius degenerans (Acari : Phytoseiidae). - Experimental and Applied Acarology 35 (3): 183-195.
Venzon, M, Janssen, A, Pallini, A & Sabelis, MW (2000): Diet of a polyphagous arthropod predator affects refuge seeking of its thrips prey. - Animal Behaviour 60: 369-375.
Venzon, M, Janssen, A & Sabelis, MW (1999): Attraction of a generalist predator towards herbivore-infested plants. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 93 (3): 305-314.
Venzon, M, Janssen, A & Sabelis, MW (2002): Prey preference and reproductive success of the generalist predator Orius laevigatus. - Oikos 97 (1): 116-124.
Vernon, RS & Gillespie, DR (1990): Spectral responsiveness of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) determined by trap catches in greenhouses. - Environmental Entomology 19 (5): 1229-1241.
Vernon, RS & Gillespie, DR (1995): Influence of trap shape, size, and background color on captures of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in a cucumber greenhouse. - Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (2): 288-293.
Vestergaard, S, Butt, TM, Bresciani, J, Gillespie, AT & Eilenberg, J (1999): Light and electron microscopy studies of the infection of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. - Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 73 (1): 25-33.
Vestergaard, S, Gillespie, AT, Butt, TM, Schreiter, G & Eilenberg, J (1995): Pathogenicity of the Hyphomycete Fungi Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae to the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 5 (2): 185-192.
Wackers, FL, Romeis, J & van Rijn, P (2007): Nectar and pollen feeding by insect herbivores and implications for multitrophic interactions. - Annual Review of Entomology 52: 301-323.
Walzer, A, Paulus, HFf & Schausberger, P (2004): Ontogenetic shifts in intraguild predation on thrips by phytoseiid mites: the relevance of body size and diet specialization. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 94 (6): 577-584.
Wang, K & Shipp, JL (2001): Sequential sampling plans for western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse cucumbers. - Journal of Economic Entomology 94 (2): 579-585.
Wang, K & Shipp, JL (2001): Simulation model for population dynamics of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) on greenhouse cucumber. - Environmental Entomology 30 (6): 1073-1081.
Warnock, DF (2003): Resistance to western flower thrips feeding damage in impatiens populations from Costa Rica. - Hortscience 38 (7): 1424-1427.
Warnock, DF & Cloyd, RA (2005): Effect of pesticide mixtures in controlling western flower thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Journal of Entomological Science 40 (1): 54-66.
Warnock, DF & Loughner, R (2002): Comparing three solutions for extracting western flower thrips from coleus shoots. - Hortscience 37 (5): 787-789.
Webster, KW, Cooper, P & Mound, LA (2006): Studies on Kelly's citrus thrips, Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae): sex attractants, host associations and country of origin. - Australian Journal of Entomology 45: 67-74.
Weintraub, PG (2007): Integrated control of pests in tropical and subtropical sweet pepper production. - Pest Management Science 63 (8): 753-760.
Weintraub, PG, Kleitman, S, Alchanatis, V & Palevsky, E (2007): Factors affecting the distribution of a predatory mite on greenhouse sweet pepper. - Experimental and Applied Acarology 42 (1): 23-35.
Weintraub, PG, Kleitman, S, Mori, R, Shapira, N & Palevsky, E (2003): Control of the broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)) on organic greenhouse sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) with the predatory mite, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). - Biological Control 27 (3): 300-309.
Wells, ML, Gitaitis, RD & Sanders, FH (2002): Association of tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) with two species of bacteria of the genus Pantoea. - Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95 (6): 719-723.
Westcot, DM, Ullman, DE, Sherwood, JL, Cantone, FA & German, TL (1993): Rapid fixation and embedding method for immunocytochemical studies of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus (Tswv) in plant and insect tissues. - Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (6): 514-520.
Whitfield, AE, Campbell, LR, Sherwood, JL & Ullman, DE (2003): Tissue blot immunoassay for detection of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Ranunculus asiaticus and other ornamentals. - Plant Disease 87 (6): 618-622.
Whitfield, AE et al. (2008): A soluble form of the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) glycoprotein G(N)(G(N)-S) inhibits transmission of TSWV by Frankliniella occidentalis. - Phytopathology 98 (1): 45-50.
Whitfield, AE, ullman, DE & German, TL (2004): Expression and characterization of a soluble form of Tomato spotted wilt virus glycoprotein G(N). - Journal of Virology 78 (23): 13197-13206.
Whitfield, AE, ullman, DE & German, TL (2005): Tomato spotted wilt virus glycoprotein G(C) is cleaved at acidic pH. - Virus Research 110 (1-2): 183-186.
Whitfield, AE, ullman, DE & German, TL (2005): Tospovirus-thrips interactions. - Annual Review of Phytopathology 43: 459-489.
Whittaker, MS & Kirk, WDJ (2004): The effect of photoperiod on walking, feeding, and oviposition in the western flower thrips. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 111 (3): 209-214.
Wiesenborn, WD (2000): Desiccation susceptibility of the desert brachypterous thrips Arpediothrips mojave Hood (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Pan-Pacific Entomologist 76 (2): 109-114.
Wiethoff, J, Poehling, HM & Meyhofer, R (2004): Combining plant- and soil-dwelling predatory mites to optimise biological control of thrips. - Experimental and Applied Acarology 34 (3-4): 239-261.
Wijkamp, I, Almarza, N, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1995): Distinct levels of specificity in Thrips transmission of Tospoviruses. - Phytopathology 85 (10): 1069-1074.
Wijkamp, I, Goldbach, R & peters, D (1996): Differential susceptibilities between leaf disks and plants in the transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus by Frankliniella occidentalis to TSWV hosts and transgenic plants. - Journal of Phytopathology-Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 144 (7-8): 355-362.
Wijkamp, I, Goldbach, R & peters, D (1996): Propagation of tomato spotted wilt virus in Frankliniella occidentalis does neither result in pathological effects nor in transovarial passage of the virus. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 81 (3): 285-292.
Wijkamp, I & Peters, D (1993): Determination of the median latent period of 2 Tospoviruses in Frankliniella occidentalis, using a novel leaf disk assay. - Phytopathology 83 (9): 986-991.
Wijkamp, I, Vandewetering, F, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1996): Transmission of tomato spotted wilt virus by Frankliniella occidentalis; Median acquisition and inoculation access period. - Annals of Applied Biology 129 (2): 303-313.
Wijkamp, I, Vanlent, J, Kormelink, R, Goldbach, R & Peters, D (1993): Multiplication of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus in its insect vector, Frankliniella occidentalis. - Journal of General Virology 74: 341-349.
Williams, MED (2001): Biological control of thrips on ornamental crops: Interactions between the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari : Phytoseiidae) and Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae), on cyclamen. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 11 (1): 41-55.
Williams, P, Green, KM & Swanson, B (2005): A cold treatment for postharvest control of western flower thrips on strawberry runners. - Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45 (12): 1649-1651.
Williams, T, Valle, J & Vinuela, E (2003): Is the naturally derived insecticide Spinosad (R) compatible with insect natural enemies? - Biocontrol Science and Technology 13 (5): 459-475.
Wilson, CR (1998): Incidence of weed reservoirs and vectors of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus on southern Tasmanian lettuce farms. - Plant Pathology 47 (2): 171-176.
Wilson, LJ, Bauer, LR & Walter, GH (1996): 'Phytophagous' thrips are facultative predators of two spotted spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) on cotton in Australia. - Bulletin of Entomological Research 86 (3): 297-305.
Wilson, LT, Trichilo, PJ & Gonzalez, D (1991): Natural Enemies of Spider-Mites (Acari, Tetranychidae) on Cotton - Density Regulation or Casual Association. - Environmental Entomology 20 (3): 849-856.
Wimmer, D, Hoffmann, D & Schausberger, P (2008): Prey suitability of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, for the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii. - Biocontrol Science and Technology 18 (6): 541-550.
Wittmann, EJ & Leather, SR (1997): Compatibility of Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) with Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) cucumeris Oudemans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Iphiseius (Amblyseius) degenerans Berlese (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in the biocontrol of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). - Experimental & Applied Acarology 21 (8): 523-538.
Xu, XO, Borgemeister, C & Poehling, HM (2006): Interactions in the biological control of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch by the predatory bug Orius insidiosus Say on beans. - Biological Control 36 (1): 57-64.
Yaku, A, Walter, GH & Najar-Rodriguez, AJ (2007): Thrips see red - flower colour and the host relationships of a polyphagous anthophilic thrips. - Ecological Entomology 32 (5): 527-535.
Yokoyama, VY (1977): Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera-Thrifidae) and scars on table grapes. - Environmental Entomology 6 (1): 25-30.
Yokoyama, VY, Miller, GT & Crisosto, CH (2001): Pest response in packed table grapes to low temperature storage combined with slow-release sulfur dioxide pads in basic and large-scale tests. - Journal of Economic Entomology 94 (4): 984-988.
Yudin, LS, Cho, JJ & Mitchell, WC (1986): Host range of Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), with special reference to Leucaena glauca. - Environmental Entomology 15 (6): 1292-1295.
Yudin, LS, Tabashnik, BE, Mitchell, WC & Cho, JJ (1991): Effects of mechanical barriers on distribution of thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in lettuce. - Journal of Economic Entomology 84 (1): 136-139.
Zhang, SY, Kono, S, Murai, T & Miyata, T (2008): Mechanisms of resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). - Insect Science 15 (2): 125-132.
Zhang, Y, Jewett, TJ & Shipp, JL (2002): Adynamic model to estimate in-canopy and leaf-surface microclimate of greenhouse cucumber crops. - Transactions of the Asae 45 (1): 179-192.
Zhang, Y & Shipp, JL (1998): Effect of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on the flight activity of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae). - Environmental Entomology 27 (3): 736-742.
Zhang, ZJ et al. (2007): Life history of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysan., Thripae), on five different vegetable leaves. - Journal of Applied Entomology 131 (5): 347-354.
Zhao, GG, Liu, W & Knowles, CO (1995): Fenvalerate resistance mechanisms in Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (3): 531-535.
Zhao, GY, Liu, W, Brown, JM & Knowles, CO (1995): Insecticide resistance in-field and laboratory strains of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). - Journal of Economic Entomology 88 (5): 1164-1170.
Zhao, GY, Liu, W & Knowles, CO (1994): Mechanisms associated with diazinon resistance in Western Flower Thrips. - Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 49 (1): 13-23.
Zhao, GY, Liu, W & Knowles, CO (1995): Mechanisms conferring resistance of Western Flower Thrips to Bendiocarb. - Pesticide Science 44 (3): 293-297.
Zhi, J, Fitch, GK, Margolies, DC & Nechols, JR (2007): Apple pollen as a supplemental food for the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis: Response of individuals and populations. - Journal of Insect Science 7.
Zhi, JR, Fitch, GK, Margolies, DC & Nechols, JR (2005): Apple pollen as a supplemental food for the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis: response of individuals and populations. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 117 (3): 185-192.
Zhi, JR, Margolies, DC, Nechols, JR & Boyer, JE (2006): Host-plant-mediated interaction between populations of a true omnivore and its herbivorous prey. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 121 (1): 59-66.
Zhou, XM, Zhu, F, Li, H & Lei, CL (2006): Effect of temperature on development of Orius similis Zheng (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) and on its predation activity against Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera : Aphididae). - Pan-Pacific Entomologist 82 (1): 97-102.
Zhu, YJ, Sengonca, C & Liu, B (2006): Toxicity of biocide GCSC-BtA on arthropod pests under different temperature conditions. - Journal of Pest Science 79 (2): 89-94.
Zilahi-Balogh, GMG, Shipp, JL, Cloutier, C & Brodeur, J (2006): Influence of light intensity, photoperiod, and temperature on the efficacy of two aphelinid parasitoids of the greenhouse whitefly. - Environmental Entomology 35 (3): 581-589.
Zilahl-Balogh, GMG, Shipp, JL, Cloutier, C & Brodeur, J (2007): Predation by Neoseiulus cucumeris on western flower thrips, and its oviposition on greenhouse cucumber under winter vs. summer conditions in a temperate climate. - Biological Control 40 (2): 160-167.
Zimmer, RC, Myers, K, Haber, S, Campbell, CG & Gubbels, GH (1992): Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, a problem on grass pea and field pea in the greenhouse in 1990 and 1991. - Canadian Plant Disease Survey 72 (1): 29-31.
Zrubecz, P, Toth, F & Nagy, A (2008): Is Xysticus kochi (Araneae : Thomisidae) an efficient indigenous biocontrol agent of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera : Thripidae)? - Biocontrol 53 (4): 615-624.

Links:
Mound, LA (2005): Thysanoptera (Thrips) of the World - A Checklist. http://www.ento.csiro.au/thysanoptera/worldthrips.html