Figures
Fig. 1: Antenna (inset: III. and IV. antennal segment)
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Fore- and hindwing
Fig. 6: Sternites IV and V
Fig. 7: Tergites V and VI
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX
ITS-RFLP gel patterns (1&8 ladder, 2 PCR-product, 3 RSAI, 4 HaeIII, 5 MspI, 6 HinfI, 7 AluI)
Fig. 9: Primer pair CS249/CS250
Fig. 10: Primer pair O1/18J
Fig. 11: Primer pair P1/28Z
Fig. 12: Primer pair 18SMP/28SMP
Taxonomic Information
Species:
Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom, 1910)
Synonyms:
Frankliniella ipomoeae Moulton, 1948
Frankliniella nigra Moulton, 1948
Frankliniella clitoriae Moulton, 1940
Frankliniella pembertoni Moulton, 1940
Frankliniella favoniana Priesner, 1938
Frankliniella lycopersici Andrewartha, 1937
Frankliniella nana Priesner, 1936
Frankliniella kellyana Kelly & Mayne, 1934
Frankliniella paucispinosa Moulton, 1933
Frankliniella insularis Morison, 1930
Parafrankliniella nigripes Girault, 1928
Frankliniella aeschyli Girault, 1927
Frankliniella africana Bagnall, 1926
Frankliniella anglicana Bagnall, 1926
Frankliniella interocellaris Karny, 1925
Frankliniella tabacicola Karny, 1925
Frankliniella dampfi Priesner, 1923
Frankliniella persetosa Karny, 1922
Frankliniella trybomi Karny, 1920
Frankliniella pallida Karny, 1920
Frankliniella delicatula Bagnall, 1919
Frankliniella sulphurea Schmutz, 1913
Physopus schultzei Trybom, 1910
Common name:
Common blossom thrips
Cotton bud thrips
Present taxonomic position:
Family: Thripidae Stephens, 1829
Subfamily:
Thripinae (Stephens) Karny, 1921
Genus:
Frankliniella Karny, 1910
Species Recognition
General information about the genus Frankliniella:The members in this genus are sometimes quite difficult to separate from one another and the classification has been in flux with many species later synonymized in association with color variations. There are about 180 species in this genus most having three pairs of ocellar setae well developed, 8 segmented antennae with III and IV having forked sense cones, well developed setae on the anterior and posterior margins of the pronotum, when present wings with complete rows of setae on the wing veins, two segmented tarsi, without accessory setae on abdominal sternites, with a ctenidia laterally on abdominal segments with ctenidia anterior to spiracle on segment VIII and with males generally smaller and paler than the females (Stannard, 1968).
Typical character states of Frankliniella schultzei:
Body color
Mainly brown or mainly pale or yellow, with some darker markings
Antennae
Number of antennal segments: 8
Segment IV - forked sensorium: scarcely extending beyond base of segment V
Segments II and III shape: more or less symmetric
Segments III & IV sensoria: emergent and forked
Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI: no more than 2 times as wide as base of nearest seta
Terminal antennal segments: rarely elongate
Shape of pedicel of antennal segment III: simple
Head:
Distance between bases of ocellar setae III: less than width of first ocellus
Head shape between compound eyes: not prolonged
Major postocular setae: more than half as long as ocellar setae III
Ocellar setae III on head: arising between hind ocelli, or behind tangent of anterior margin of hind ocelli
Postocular setae I: present
Surface of head, pronotum and fore legs: without strong reticulate sculpture
Ocellar setae I in front of anterior ocellus: present
Prothorax
Number of pairs of elongate pronotal setae: 4-5
Number of pairs of elongate posteroangular pronotal setae: 2
Pronotum shape: rectangular
Number of pairs of pronotum posteromarginal minor setae: 4-5
Number of pairs of pronotum anteromarginal minor setae: 2-3
Mesothorax
Mesothoracic endofurca: with median spinula
Metathorax
Metanotal median area sculptured lines: transverse at anterior, but forming irregular longitudinal reticulations on posterior half
Metanotal median setae length: longer than lateral metanotal setae
Metanotal median setae position: arising at anterior margin
Metanotum: without campaniform sensilla
Metanotum major sclerite: with two major sclerites, metascutum and metascutellum
Metanotum median area: with at least some or no equiangular reticulation
Metanotum sculpture: without dominant sculptured triangle medially
Metathoracic endofurca: transverse, sometimes with simple median spinula
Wings
Wings: present and more than half as long as abdomen
First vein of forewing: distinct from costal vein
Forewing anterior margin: with setae and cilia but cilia longer than setae
Forewing color: uniformly pale or weakly shaded
Forewing costal fringe of cilia: arising at anterior margin of wing
Forewing first vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing posterior margin cilia: undulated near apex
Forewing second vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing surface: not reticulate
Forewings: with veins, setae and microtrichia
Legs
Fore tibial apex: not extending around fore tarsus
Mid and hind tarsi: with two segments
Abdomen:
Abdominal pleurotergites: not covered in microtrichia
Abdominal segment X: never tubular, longitudinally incomplete ventrally in both sexes
Abdominal sternite II: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite III of female: without glandular areas
Abdominal sternite VII: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite VII median marginal setae: arising at margin - arising in front of margin
Abdominal sternites IV , V and VI: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal tergites: without curved wing-retaining setae
Abdominal tergites IV & V median setal pair: much shorter than distance between their bases
Abdominal tergites V-VII: with pair of ctenidia laterally
Setae on abdominal tergite X: slender
Surface of lateral thirds of abdominal tergites: without regular rows of fine microtrichia
Ctenidia on tergite VIII: anterolaterad to spiracle
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia: absent or present laterally, incomplete or complete medially
Tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia: short and irregular in length
Biology
Life history:
As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. The full cycle for Frankliniella occidentalis can take less than one week to over a month and adults may live for more than one month producing several generations in one year depending on seasonal weather (Lewis, 1973).
Host plants:
Polyphagous, flower feeding, compositae crops, weeds are a good source for breeding populations.
Vector capacity:
Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV)
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV)
Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV)
Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)
Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV)
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
Also known to carry spores, mildews, rusts and other fungi
Current known distribution:
Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America, North America
Additional notes:
Damages young leaves within the meristematic bud.
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