Figures
Fig. 1: Antenna (inset: III. and IV. antennal segment)
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Fore- and hindwing
Fig. 6: Sternites VI and VII
Fig. 7: Tergites III and IV
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX
ITS-RFLP gel patterns (1&8 ladder, 2 PCR-product, 3 RSAI, 4 HaeIII, 5 MspI, 6 HinfI, 7 AluI)
Fig. 09: Primer pair O1/18J
Fig. 10: Primer pair P1/28Z
Fig. 11: Primer pair TODA1/TODA2
Taxonomic Information
Species:
Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel, 1895)
Synonyms:
Taeniothrips calcaratus Priesner, 1925
Taeniothrips adustus Priesner, 1920
Taeniothrips inconsequens Bagnall, 1916
Physothrips calcaratus Bagnall, 1916
Taeniothrips pyri Hood, 1914
Thrips pyri Trabut, 1911
Physopus pyri Reh, 1909
Euthrips pyri Daniel, 1904
Physopus inconsequens Uzel, 1895
Common name:
Pear thrips
Present taxonomic position:
Family: Thripidae Stephens, 1829
Subfamily:
Thripinae (Stephens) Karny, 1921
Genus:
Taeniothrips Amyot & Serville, 1843
Species Recognition
General information about the genus Taeniothrips:This genus has been confused taxonomically with the genus Thrips and many of its species have been synonymized with Thrips. In the 1970’s clarification to separate and define the two genera became established using one optimum character with the genus Thrips containing ctenidia on abdmonial segments V-VIII and Taeniothrips lacking that trait (O’Neill 1972, Mound et al. 1976, Bhatti 1978, 1980). There are currently 17 species recognized in the genus Taeniothrips and may be related to other genera associated with orchids, e.g. Dichromothrips and Sciothrips.
Typical character states of Taenithrips inconsequens:
Body color
Mainly brown, mainly pale or yellow, with some darker markings or bicolored
Antennae
Number of antennal segments: 8
Segment IV - forked sensorium: scarcely extending beyond base of segment V
Segments II and III shape: more or less symmetric
Segments III & IV sensoria: emergent and forked
Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI: no more than 2 times as wide as base of nearest seta
Terminal antennal segments: rarely elongate
Head:
Distance between bases of ocellar setae III: less than width of first ocellus
Head shape between compound eyes: not prolonged
Major postocular setae: less than half as long as ocellar setae III
Ocellar setae III on head: arising between hind ocelli, or behind tangent of anterior margin of hind ocelli
Postocular setae I: absent
Surface of head, pronotum and fore legs: without strong reticulate sculpture
Ocellar setae I in front of anterior ocellus: absent
Prothorax
Number of pairs of elongate pronotal setae: 0-3
Number of pairs of elongate posteroangular pronotal setae: 2
Pronotum shape: rectangular
Number of pairs of pronotum posteromarginal minor setae: 1-3
Number of pairs of pronotum anteromarginal minor setae: 2-3
Mesothorax
Mesothoracic endofurca: with median spinula
Metathorax
Metanotal median area sculptured lines: transverse at anterior, but with irregular equiangular reticulation near posterior
Metanotal median setae length: longer than lateral metanotal setae
Metanotal median setae position: arising at anterior margin
Metanotum: without campaniform sensilla
Metanotum major sclerite: with two major sclerites, metascutum and metascutellum
Metanotum median area: with at least some equiangular reticulation
Metanotum sculpture: without dominant sculptured triangle medially
Metathoracic endofurca: transverse, sometimes with simple median spinula
Wings
Wings: present and more than half as long as abdomen
First vein of forewing: distinct from costal vein
Forewing anterior margin: with setae and cilia but cilia longer than setae
Forewing color: uniformly light brown
Forewing costal fringe of cilia: arising at anterior margin of wing
Forewing costal setae at middle of wing: shorter than median width of wing
Forewing first vein setal row: incomplete, with setae not closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing posterior margin cilia: undulated near apex
Forewing second vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing surface: not reticulate
Forewings: with veins, setae and microtrichia
Legs
Fore tibial apex: not extending around fore tarsus
Mid and hind tarsi: with two segments
Abdomen:
Pleurotergal discal setae: absent
Abdominal pleurotergites: not covered in microtrichia
Abdominal segment X: never tubular, longitudinally incomplete ventrally in both sexes
Abdominal sternite II: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite III of female: without glandular areas
Abdominal sternite VII: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite VII median marginal setae: arising in front of margin
Abdominal sternites IV , V and VI: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Number of lateral marginal setae on abdominal tergite II: 3
Abdominal tergites: without curved wing-retaining setae
Abdominal tergites IV & V median setal pair: much shorter than distance between their bases
Abdominal tergites V-VII: without paired ctenidia, sometimes with irregular microtrichia
Setae on abdominal tergite X: slender
Surface of lateral thirds of abdominal tergites: without regular rows of fine microtrichia
Ctenidia on tergite VIII: not present, but groups of microtrichia
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia: present, complete medially
Tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia: long, slender and regular
Biology
Life history:
The life cycle is driven by the temperature in the north-eastern US where is feeds on the fruit and newly emerging leaves then pupates and over winters in the soil to start a new generation the following year (Stannard, 1968).
Host plants:
Pear, stone fruits, sugar maple,
Acer, Facus, Fraxinus, Quercus, Prunus
Vector capacity:
Erwinia amylovora (fire blight bacteria)
Current known distribution:
Asia, Central and South America, Europe, North America
Additional notes:
Taeniothrips inconsequens has been recognized as a serious pest on fruiting trees since 1904 in California later spreading to the ease coast of the US (Stannard, 1968). This species is now recognized as a serious pest in the eastern US on Acer saccharum. The life cycle is driven by the temperature in the north-eastern US where is feeds on the fruit and newly emerging leaves then pupates and over winters in the soil to start a new generation the following year (Stannard, 1968).
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