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Thrips flavus
Fig. 1

Antenna

Fig. 2

Head

Fig. 3

Pronotum

Fig. 4

Pteronotum

Fig. 5

Forewing

Fig. 6

Sternites 6-7

Fig. 7

Tergites 5-6

Fig. 8

Tergites 8-9

Fig. 9

O1/18J

Fig. 10

P1/28Z

Fig. 11

18/28SMP

Fig. 12

TODA1/2

Figures

Fig. 1: Antenna (inset: V. - VII. antennal segment)
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Forewing, base of fore wing with alula
Fig. 6: Sternites VI and VII
Fig. 7: Tergites V and VI
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX

ITS-RFLP gel patterns (1&8 ladder, 2 PCR-product, 3 RSAI, 4 HaeIII, 5 MspI, 6 HinfI, 7 AluI)
Fig. 9: Primer pair O1/18J
Fig. 10: Primer pair P1/28Z
Fig. 11: Primer pair 18SMP/28SMP
Fig. 12: Primer pair TODA1/TODA2

Taxonomic Information

Species:
Thrips flavus Schrank, 1776

Synonyms:
Taeniothrips rhopalantennalis Shumsher, 1946
Taeniothrips saussureae Ishida, 1936 
Taeniothrips luteus Oettingen, 1935 
Taeniothrips sulfuratus Priesner, 1935 
Thrips biarticulata Priesner, 1935 
Physothrips flavus Bagnall, 1928 
Taeniothrips clarus Moulton, 1928 
Thrips kyotoi Moulton, 1928 
Thrips nilgiriensis Ramakrishna, 1928 
Thrips obscuricornis Priesner, 1927 
Thrips flavosetosus Priesner, 1919 
Physothrips flavidus Bagnall, 1916 
Thrips flavidus Bagnall, 1916 
Thrips ochraceus Curtis, 1841 
Thrips melanopa Schrank, 1776 
Thrips flavus Schrank, 1776 

Common name:
Honeysuckle thrips

Present taxonomic position:
Family: Thripidae Stephens, 1829
Subfamily: Thripinae (Stephens) Karny, 1921
Genus: Thrips Linneaeus, 1758

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Species Recognition

General information about the genus Thrips:
There are about 280 species currently recognized in the genus Thrips making this genus one of the largest groups within the Thysanoptera. They are separated from other genera in having the following characters, antenna comprising 7 or 8 segments with segments III and IV containing forked sense cones, the head has two pairs of ocellar setae (II and III), pair I is missing, the pronotum with four long setae on the posterior margin, forewing 1st vein usually has a row of setae interrupted by gaps, on lateral sides of abdominal tergites V to VIII there are paired ctenidia, abdominal tergite VIII with ctenidia posterior to the spiracles.

Typical character states of Thrips flavus:

Body color
Mainly pale or yellow, with some darker markings

Antennae
Number of antennal segments: 7
Segment IV - forked sensorium: scarcely extending beyond base of segment V
Segments II and III shape: more or less symmetric
Segments III & IV sensoria: emergent and forked
Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI: no more than 2 times as wide as base of nearest seta
Terminal antennal segments: rarely elongate

Head:
Distance between bases of ocellar setae III: greater than width of first ocellus
Head shape between compound eyes: not prolonged
Ocellar setae III on head: arising within ocellar triangle anterior to tangent of anterior margin of hind ocelli
Postocular setae I: absent
Surface of head, pronotum and fore legs: without strong reticulate sculpture
Ocellar setae I in front of anterior ocellus: absent

Prothorax
Number of pairs of elongate pronotal setae: 0-3
Number of pairs of elongate posteroangular pronotal setae: 2
Pronotum shape: rectangular
Number of pairs of pronotum posteromarginal minor setae: 3
Number of pairs of pronotum anteromarginal minor setae: 3-4

Mesothorax
Mesothoracic endofurca: with median spinula

Metathorax
Metanotal median area sculptured lines: transverse at anterior, but forming irregular longitudinal reticulations or longitudinal and parallel sculptured lines on posterior half
Metanotal median setae length: longer than lateral metanotal setae
Metanotal median setae position: arising behind anterior margin
Metanotum: without campaniform sensilla
Metanotum major sclerite: with two major sclerites, metascutum and metascutellum
Metanotum median area: with no equiangular reticulation
Metanotum sculpture: without dominant sculptured triangle medially
Metathoracic endofurca: transverse, sometimes with simple median spinula

Wings
Wings: present and more than half as long as abdomen
First vein of forewing: distinct from costal vein
Forewing anterior margin: with setae and cilia but cilia longer than setae
Forewing clavus: terminal veinal seta longer than subterminal seta
Forewing color: uniformly pale or weakly shaded
Forewing costal fringe of cilia: arising at anterior margin of wing
Forewing costal setae at middle of wing: shorter than median width of wing
Forewing first vein setal row: incomplete, with setae not closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing posterior margin cilia: undulated near apex
Forewing second vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing surface: not reticulate Forewings: with veins, setae and microtrichia

Legs
Fore tarsus inner apex: without tooth
Fore tibial apex: not extending around fore tarsus - with small curved claw ventrolaterally
Mid and hind tarsi: with two segments

Abdomen:
Pleurotergal discal setae: absent
Abdominal pleurotergites:  not covered in microtrichia
Abdominal segment X: never tubular, longitudinally incomplete ventrally in both sexes
Abdominal sternite II: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite III of female: without glandular areas
Abdominal sternite VII: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite VII median marginal setae: arising in front of margin
Abdominal sternites IV , V and VI: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Number of lateral marginal setae on abdominal tergite II: 4
Abdominal tergites: without curved wing-retaining setae
Abdominal tergites IV & V median setal pair: much shorter than distance between their bases
Abdominal tergites V-VII: with pair of ctenidia laterally
Number of discal setae on sternite V: 0
Setae on abdominal tergite X: slender
Surface of lateral thirds of abdominal tergites: without regular rows of fine microtrichia
Ctenidia on tergite VIII: posteromesad to spiracle
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia: present, complete medially
Tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia: long, slender and regular or irregular

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Biology

Life history:
As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. The full cycle can take about 15 days (Lewis, 1973) to over a month and adults may live for more than one month producing several generations in one year depending on seasonal weather. With greenhouse temperatures the developmental time from egg to adult can decrease to about one week.

Host plants:
Polyphagous

Vector capacity:
None identified

Current known distribution:
Asia, Europe

Additional notes:
This species is a well known pest on the European and Asian continents and is not currently found in the US.

Bibliography

Bailey, SF (1957): The thrips of California Part I: Suborder Terebrantia. Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 4, no. 5: 143-220.
Farrar, JJ & Davis, RM (1991): Relationships among Ear morphology, Western Flower Thrips, and Fusarium Ear Rot of Corn. Phytopathology, 81, 661-666.

Imai, T, Maekawa, M & Murai, T (2001): Attractiveness of methyl anthranilate and its related compounds to the flower thrips, Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan), T coloratus Schmutz, T. flavus Schrank and Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 36, 475-478.
Lewis, T (1973): Thrips their biology, ecology and economic importance. Academic Press Inc., London Ltd. 349 pp.
Moritz G, Morris DC, Mound LA (2001): ThripsID - Pest thrips of the world. ACIAR and CSIRO Publishing Collingwood, Victoria, Australia, CDROM ISBN 1 86320 296 X.
Moritz G, Mound LA, Morris DC, Goldarazena A (2004):
Pest thrips of the world - an identification and information system using molecular and microscopial methods. CBIT, University of Queensland,CDROM ISBN 1-86499-781-8.
Mound, LA & Kibby, G (1998): Thysanoptera: An identification guide,  (2nd edition). CAB International, Wallingford and New York, 70pp.
Mound, LA & Marullo, R (1996): The thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Publishers, Gainesville.
Nakahara, S (1994): The Genus Thrips Linnaeus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the New World. USDA Agricultural Research Service Technical bulletin No. 1822.
Nickle, DA (2006): A review of the species of Thrips Linnaeus, 1758 (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) from Africa, Europe, and the Mediterranean region. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 108, 443-466.
Nickle, DA (2008): Commonly intercepted thrips at US ports-of-entry from Africa, Europe, and the Mediterranean. III. The genus Thrips Linnaeus, 1758 (Thysanoptera : Thripidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 110, 165-185.
Raizada, U & Saxena, P (1989): Experimental studies in cross pollination of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) by Thrips flavus Schrank and Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Insecta). Ecology (Journal of Pure and Applied Entomology), 2, 111-119.
Singh, M (1989): Damage and economic threshold level of Thrips flavus Schrank to apple blossoms in Himachel Pradesh. Indian J. Entomol., 25, 85-86.
Stannard, LJ (1968): The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 29: 215-552.
Veer, V (1978): Thrips flavus (Schrank) as a pollinating agent. Indian Journal of Forestry, 1, 278.
Veer, V (1985): Observations on the host preferences and biology of Thrips flavus Schrank (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Dehra Dun, India. Annals of Entomology, 003, 39-48..

Links:
Mound, LA (2005): Thysanoptera (Thrips) of the World - A Checklist. http://www.ento.csiro.au/thysanoptera/worldthrips.html

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