a b c d e f g h empty empty k l m n o p empty r s t empty empty empty empty empty empty
Thrips palmi
Fig. 1

Antenna

 Fig. 2

Head

 Fig. 3

Pronotum

 Fig. 4

Pteronotum
Fig. 5

Wings

 Fig. 6

Tergites 5-7

 Fig. 7

Sternites 6-7

 Fig. 8

Tergites 8-9
Fig. 9

P1/28Z

 Fig. 10

18SMP/28SMP

Figures

Fig. 1: Antenna
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Fore- and hindwing, base of fore wing with alula
Fig. 6: Tergites V - VII
Fig. 7: Sternites VI and VII
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX

ITS-RFLP gel patterns (1&8 ladder, 2 PCR-product, 3 RSAI, 4 HaeIII, 5 MspI, 6 HinfI, 7 AluI)
Fig. 9: Primer pair P1/28Z
Fig. 10: Primer pair 18SMP/28SMP

Taxonomic Information

Species:
 Thrips palmi Karny, 1925

Synonyms:
Thrips gracilis Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish, 1968; Bhatti, 1969
Chloethrips (Mictothrips) aureus Ananthakrishnan & Jagadish, 1967
Thrips gossypicola (Priesner) Ramakrishna & Jagadish, 1939
Thrips leucadophilus Priesner, 1936; Bhatti, 1980
Thrips clarus Moulton, 1928 (New Synonom of palmi, Nakahara 1994)

Common name:
Palm thrips
Melon thrips

Present taxonomic position:
Family: Thripidae Stephens, 1829
Subfamily: Thripinae (Stephens) Karny, 1921
Genus: Thrips Linneaeus, 1758

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Species Recognition

General information about the genus Thrips:
There are about 280 species currently recognized in the genus Thrips making this genus one of the largest groups within the Thysanoptera. They are separated from other genera in having the following characters, antenna comprising 7 or 8 segments with segments III and IV containing forked sense cones, the head has two pairs of ocellar setae (II and III), pair I is missing, the pronotum with four long setae on the posterior margin, forewing 1st vein usually has a row of setae interrupted by gaps, on lateral sides of abdominal tergites V to VIII there are paired ctenidia, abdominal tergite VIII with ctenidia posterior to the spiracles.

Typical character states of Thrips palmi:

Body color
Mainly pale or yellow, with some darker markings

Antennae
Number of antennal segments: 7
Segment IV - forked sensorium: scarcely extending beyond base of segment V
Segments II and III shape: more or less symmetric
Segments III & IV sensoria: emergent and forked
Base of sensorium on antennal segment VI: no more than 2 times as wide as base of nearest seta
Terminal antennal segments: rarely elongate

Head:
Distance between bases of ocellar setae III: greater than width of first ocellus
Head shape between compound eyes: not prolonged
Ocellar setae III on head: arising on anterior margin of, or in front of, ocellar triangle
Postocular setae I: absent
Surface of head, pronotum and fore legs: without strong reticulate sculpture
Ocellar setae I in front of anterior ocellus: absent

Prothorax
Number of pairs of elongate pronotal setae: 0-3
Number of pairs of elongate posteroangular pronotal setae: 2
Pronotum shape: rectangular
Number of pairs of pronotum posteromarginal minor setae: 3-4
Number of pairs of pronotum anteromarginal minor setae: 3-4

Mesothorax
Mesothoracic endofurca: with median spinula

Metathorax
Metanotal median area sculptured lines: transverse at anterior, but longitudinal and parallel on posterior half
Metanotal median setae length: longer than lateral metanotal setae
Metanotal median setae position: arising behind anterior margin
Metanotum: without campaniform sensilla
Metanotum major sclerite: with two major sclerites, metascutum and metascutellum
Metanotum median area: with no equiangular reticulation
Metanotum sculpture: without dominant sculptured triangle medially
Metathoracic endofurca: transverse, sometimes with simple median spinula

Wings
Wings: present and more than half as long as abdomen
First vein of forewing: distinct from costal vein
Forewing anterior margin: with setae and cilia but cilia longer than setae
Forewing clavus: terminal veinal seta longer than subterminal seta
Forewing color: uniformly pale or weakly shaded
Forewing costal fringe of cilia: arising at anterior margin of wing
Forewing costal setae at middle of wing: shorter than median width of wing
Forewing first vein setal row: incomplete, with setae not closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing posterior margin cilia: undulated near apex
Forewing second vein setal row: complete, with setae closely and uniformly spaced
Forewing surface: not reticulate
Forewings: with veins, setae and microtrichia

Legs
Fore tarsus inner apex: without tooth
Fore tibial apex: not extending around fore tarsus - with small curved claw ventrolaterally
Mid and hind tarsi: with two segments

Abdomen:
Pleurotergal discal setae: absent
Abdominal pleurotergites: not covered in microtrichia
Abdominal segment X: never tubular, longitudinally incomplete ventrally in both sexes
Abdominal sternite II: with 1 or 2 discal setae in addition to marginal setae or with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite III of female: without glandular areas
Abdominal sternite VII: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Abdominal sternite VII median marginal setae: arising in front of margin
Abdominal sternites IV , V and VI: with marginal setae but no discal setae
Number of lateral marginal setae on abdominal tergite II: 4
Abdominal tergites: without curved wing-retaining setae
Abdominal tergites IV & V median setal pair: much shorter than distance between their bases
Abdominal tergites V-VII: with pair of ctenidia laterally
Number of discal setae on sternite V: 0
Setae on abdominal tergite X: slender
Surface of lateral thirds of abdominal tergites: without regular rows of fine microtrichia
Ctenidia on tergite VIII: posteromesad to spiracle
Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb of microtrichia: present, complete medially
Tergite VIII posteromarginal microtrichia: long, slender and regular

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Biology

Life history:
 As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. The full cycle can take about 15 days (Lewis, 1973) to over a month and adults may live for more approximately two months producing several generations in one year depending on seasonal weather. With greenhouse temperatures the developmental time from egg to adult can decrease to about one week. The ‘melon thrips’ female reproduces with or without copulation where unmated females produce male progeny and mated females produce females. Thrips palmi has six developmental stages which are usually found in different habitats within the same plant e.g. eggs in the leaf, flower and fruit tissue, 1st instar larvae on the leaves, flowers and fruits,2nd instar larvae on the leaves, flowers and fruits, propupae in the soil, pupae in the soil and adults on the leaves, flowers and fruits.

Host plants:
Polyphagous

Vector capacity:
Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV)
Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV)
Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV)
Melon yellow spot virus (MYSV)
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
Watermelon bud necrosis virus (WBNV)
Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV).

Current known distribution:
Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America, Europe, North America

Additional notes:
Thrips palmi appears to have originated in Southern Asia and has spread from there throughout Asia, the Pacific, Caribbean, and North, Central and South America, Africa and Oceania. Its spread is restricted by temperatures and humidity favoring wet tropical climates however, it is likely to survive greenhouse conditions in temperate regions.

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Links:
Mound, LA (2005): Thysanoptera (Thrips) of the World - A Checklist. http://www.ento.csiro.au/thysanoptera/worldthrips.html

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