Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, 1919

Thripinae, Thripidae, Terebrantia, Thysanoptera

Figures

Fig. 1: 8-segmented antenna, segments III and IV with forked sense cone, terminal segments VI-VIII
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle and pronotum
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 6: Fore- and hind wing, fore wing distal region
Fig. 7: Tergites III-V
Fig. 8: Tergites IV-VII
Fig. 9: Tergites VII and VIII

Scirtothrips dorsalis damages a wide range of agricultural or horticultural crops such as chili, castor, citrus, groundnut, and tea, and is a vector of peanut yellow spot virus (PYSV) and others. Both sexes fully winged. Body mainly yellow, with dark brown antecostal ridge on tergites and sternites and small brown tergal area medially; antennal segment I white, II & III pale, IV-VIII brown; major setae not dark; fore wings light brown or pale, and weakly shaded. Antennae 8-segmented; segments III & IV with constricted apical neck and sense cone forked and stout (Fig. 1). Head wider than long; ocellar triangle and postocular region with closely spaced sculpture lines; 3 pairs of ocellar setae, pair I short and behind base of scape and in front of anterior ocellus, pair III arising between median points of hind ocelli (Fig. 2). Pronotum with closely spaced transverse sculpture lines; posterior margin with 4 pairs of setae, S2 prominent and elongate, S3 moderately long (Fig. 3). Meso- and metafurca with spinula. Metanotal median area with transverse sculpture at anterior, and posterior half with parallel longitudinal lines of sculpture or irregular longitudinal reticulations; median setae arise behind anterior margin; campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 4 and 5). Mid and hind tarsi 2-segmented. Fore wing first vein with 3 setae on distal half; second vein with 2 widely spaced setae; posteromarginal cilia straight; clavus with 4 veinal setae (Fig. 6). Tergites III-VII with median setae small but close together; tergites II-VIII with lateral thirds covered in closely spaced, regular rows of fine microtrichia, these microtrichial fields with 3 discal setae, posterior margin of these tergites with fine comb laterally (Fig. 7 and 8); VIII with comb complete across posterior margin, and a patch of microtrichia anteromedially, median setae long (Fig. 9); IX with several rows of discal microtrichia. Sternites without discal setae; completely covered with rows of microtrichia extending fully across discal area; posterior margins with comb of short microtrichia between marginal setae; median setae on VII arising at margin.
Male similar to female but smaller; tergite IX posterior angles without pair of stout curved processes (drepanae); sternites without glandular areas.
Second instar larva white, antennal segment II grey; tergites covered in irregularly arranged dot-like sculpture, pronotum with distinctive reticulate markings; setae capitate on head, posterior angles of pronotum, and tergite X, remaining setae small and acute; abdominal spiracles small.

The genus Scirtothrips Shull, 1909
Scirtothrips currently includes more than 100 described species from temperate, subtropical and tropical areas of the world. Several species are serious crop pests. All of them have many regular rows of microtrichia on the lateral sides of the tergites (species of the genus look a like minute fur-bearing animals), and a complete posteromarginal comb of microtrichia on tergite VIII. These are small, usually pale yellow thrips with 8-segmented antennae, segments III and IV with forked sense cone, ovipositor well sclerotized and makes slide preparation often very complicate. Surface of pronotum closely transversely striate, the fore wings are narrow with only a few distal setae on the first vein and a few apical setae on the second vein. Mound & Palmer (1981) present a key to the major pest species, and Mound & Marullo (1996) a key to the species of Central America. Johansen & Mojica-Guzmán (1998) described 33 species from Mexico, particularly from mango and avocado trees, but doubts have been expressed concerning the systematical validity of some of these species (Mound & zur Strassen 2001). Hoddle & Mound (2003) provided information on 21 Scirtothrips species from Australia, and Rugman-Jones et al. (2006) produced a molecular key to several pest species in this genus. Relationships of various Scirtothrips species based on molecular data are further considered by Hoddle et al. (2008) and a molecular identification method was given by Moritz et al. (2000) and used for the first time in combintion with LucID (Moritz et al. 2004).

Scirtothrips dorsalis differs from other species of this genus in having ocellar setae III arising between median points of hind ocelli (Scirtothrips aurantii with pair III arising between anterior margin of hind ocelli; Scirtothrips kenyensis and Scirtothrips mangiferae with pair III arising anterior to tangent of anterior margin of hind ocelli), and the metanotal median setae arising behind anterior margin (in other species the setae arising at anterior margin). Most of the Scirtothrips species have a dark brown antecostal ridge on tergites and sternites, a small brown tergal area medially, and 3 setae on tergal microtrichial field laterally (except for Scirtothrips mangiferae which has no dark brown antecostal ridge on tergites and sternites nor any distinctive color patterns on tergites, and 4-6 setae on tergal microtrichial field laterally), and the species usually have a mainly yellow body color, fore wings uniformly light brown or pale, and a patch of microtrichia anteromedially on tergite VIII (except for Scirtothrips kenyensis with a light brown body color, uniformly dark brown fore wings, and without microtrichia anteromedially on tergite VIII). The fore wing posterior margin cilia of Scirtothrips dorsalis and Scirtothrips kenyensis are straight (Scirtothrips aurantii and Scirtothrips mangiferae with cilia undulated at least in distal part). Scirtothrips dorsalis as well as Scirtothrips mangiferae possess microtrichia medially on tergite IX (in Scirtothrips aurantii and Scirtothrips kenyensis absent). And the sternites of Scirtothrips dorsalis and Scirtothrips aurantii exhibit a strong microtrichial fields extending fully across discal area (compared to Scirtothrips kenyensis and Scirtothrips mangiferae with microtrichia restricted to lateral thirds of discal area).
Kenyattathrips katarinae is related to species of Scirtothrips. All of them have many regular, closely spaced rows of fine microtrichia on the lateral sides of the tergites and a complete posteromarginal comb on tergite VIII, antennal segments III & IV with forked sense cone, and the pronotum on these thrips is closely and transversely striate. Compared to Kenyattathrips katarinae, all species of Scirtothrips have 8-segmented antennae, antennal segment II without an exeptionally long seta at the inner apex, ocellar setal pair I short and behind base of scape and in front of anterior ocellus, only 1-2 pairs of elongate pronotal setae and no long anteromarginal setae on the pronotum, metanotum reticulated medially, fore wings second vein with a few apical setae, and tergite VII bears the posteromarginal comb of microtrichia only laterally. Whereas Kenyattathrips katarinae has 7-segmented antennae, antennal segment II with an exceptionally long seta at the inner apex, a long ocellar setal pair I placed far forward on the inter-antennal projection, 3-4 pairs of elongate pronotal setae (1 pair anteromarginally, 1 pair moderately elongate laterally, 2 pairs posteromarginally), a metanotum without or with weakly sculpture medially, an almost complete row of setae on fore wing second vein, and a complete posteromarginal comb of microtrichia on tergite VII. Furthermore, species of Scirtothrips are similar to Neohydatothrips samayunkur and Hydatothrips adolfifriderici in having the surface of lateral thirds of tergites with many regular rows of fine microtrichia. But Neohydatothrips samayunkur and Hydatothrips adolfifriderici have ocellar setae III on head arising on anterior margin, or in front of, ocellar triangle, fore wings with a complete row of setae on the first vein and without or only 2 setae on the second vein, and a distinctive colored and/or sculptured area on the pronotum, the pronotal blotch. Like species of the genus Scirtothrips, also Florithrips has pleurotergites and tergites laterally covered with fine microtrichia, but in Scirtothrips these are arranged in closely spaced rows, whereas in Florithrips traegardhi these extend along lines of sculpture. In addition, tergites II-VII of Scirtothrips species have a fine comb laterally at posterior margin, and sternites covered with rows of microtrichia, which lacking in Florithrips traegardhi.

Life history
The life cycle is completed in in 10-15 days (observed on chilli plants), 15-20 days (observed on castor), or 13-18 days (observed on tea) (Ananthakrishnan 1971).

Host plants
Polyphagous species with more than 100 recorded hosts from about 40 different families.
Crops: acacia, amaranth, avocado, beans (French bean, hyacinth bean), capsicum, cashew, cassava, castor, chillies, citrus, cotton, eggplant, grape, groundnut, kale, karela (bitter melon), lemon, macademia, maize, mango, onion, peach, rose, rubber tree, tamarind, tea, tomato, watermelon.
Weeds: Datura suaveolens, Tagetes minuta.

Vector capacity
Peanut but necrosis virus (PBNV)
Peanut chlorotic fan virus (PCFV)
Peanut yellow spot virus (PYSV)

Damage and symptoms
All of the members of this group feed on the leaves of their plant hosts and are quite cryptic in habit. Scirtothrips dorsalis attacks all above ground parts of its host plants, and prefers the young leaves, buds and fruits. Heavy feeding damage turns tender leaves, buds, and fruits bronze to black in color. Damaged leaves curl upward and appear distorted. Infested plants become stunted or dwarfed, and leaves with petioles detach from the stem, causing defoliation in some plants (Seal & Klassen 2005). Chilli leaves curl very badly and shed, fresh buds becoming brittle and dropping down; the infested parts of castor turn black to brown; the injured tissue of tea turn brown and as a result of feeding in more or less continuous lines in the buds, the marks appear as sandpaper lines in the epidermis of leaves (Ananthakrishnan 1971). On groundnuts, dull yellowish-green patches form on the upper surface and brown necrotic areas and silvery sheen form on the lower surface of the leaf; leaves become thickened and some curling occurs; in severe infestations, plants are stunted and leaves are blighted (Amin & Palmer 1985).

Detection and control strategies
Blue stripped traps (Blue-D) were attractive to Scirtothrips dorsalis as compared to blue, yellow and white coloured traps (Chu et al. 2006). Foliar application of Spinetoram and soil applicaton of imidacloprid provides effective control Scirtothrips dorsalis (Seal et al. 2008).
Raizada (1965) records the predaceous thrips Scolothrips indicus as feeding on the larvae, and Franklinothrips megalops has also been observed to feed voraciously on the larvae and adults of S. dorsalis. Predatory mites like Neoseiulus cucumeris and Amblyseius swirskii are reported to be effective biological control agents of Scirtothrips dorsalis, while Amblyseius swirskii was more effective than Neoseiulus cucumeris (Arthurs et al. 2009). Application of Orius insidiosus alone or in combination with Amblyseius swirskii consistently reduced numbers of Scirtothrips dorsalis adults, larvae and plant damage compared with Amblyseius swirskii alone (Dogramaci et al. 2011). Egg parasitoids, Megaphragma sp. (Chalcidoidea Chalcidoidea) were effective in the control of Scirtothrips dorsalis with about 53% parasitism on grapes in Japan (Shibao et al. 2000).
Neem Seed Kernal Extract (2%) and entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis indica 2000 IJs/ml was very effective compared to the untreated control for managment of Scirtothrips dorsalis, but not as effective as use of synthetic pesticides (Jagdish & Purnima 2011). Oil formulations of mycopathogen Fusarium semitectum was found to be effective for management of the chilli thrips and the efficacy of the pathogen was influenced by the intercropping system adopted (Mikunthan & Manjunatha 2008).

Additional notes
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Biogeography

Oriental and Pacific Region. Ivory Coast, South Africa.

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